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The 18650 battery is cylindrical with liquid inside. Due to the design and material of the battery, it is suitable for high currents, so almost all laptops and electric vehicles use the 18650 battery design; Only super laptops can use polymer lithium batteries instead of 18650 batteries due to energy efficiency, especially tablets; Due to the high voltage and instantaneous high current required for charging and discharging flash lights, digital cameras can only use batteries similar to 18650, but with a slightly smaller size;

Polymer lithium batteries have the advantages of small size and large capacity, but the disadvantage is that their lifespan is shorter than that of 18650. Due to the use of different designs and materials, some have liquid inside, while others are dry or colloidal. Moreover, their performance during high current discharge is not as good as that of 18650 cylindrical batteries. Therefore, large capacity and small volume electrical devices are required, and polymer lithium batteries are usually used. The most typical performance is in devices such as mobile phones and tablets.

Advantages of 18650 lithium batteries:

1. Large capacity

The capacity of 18650 lithium batteries is generally between 1200mah and 3600mah, while the general battery capacity is only about 800. If combined into an 18650 lithium battery pack, the 18650 lithium battery pack can easily exceed 5000mah.

2. Long lifespan

The service life of 18650 lithium batteries is very long, with a cycle life of over 500 times during normal use, which is more than twice that of ordinary batteries.

3. High safety performance

18650 lithium batteries have high safety performance, do not explode or burn; Non toxic, pollution-free, certified by RoHS trademark; All kinds of safety performance are achieved in one go, with more than 500 cycles; Good high-temperature resistance, with a discharge efficiency of 100% at 65 degrees Celsius. To prevent battery short circuits, the positive and negative poles of 18650 lithium batteries are separated. So the possibility of a short circuit occurring has been reduced to the extreme. Protective plates can be installed to prevent overcharging and discharging of the battery, which can also extend its service life.

4. High voltage

The voltage of 18650 lithium batteries is generally 3.6V, 3.8V, and 4.2V, which is much higher than the 1.2V voltage of nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen batteries.

5. No memory effect

There is no need to empty the remaining battery before charging, making it convenient to use.

6. Low internal resistance:

The internal resistance of polymer cells is smaller than that of general liquid cells, and the internal resistance of domestic polymer cells can even reach below 35m Ω, greatly reducing the battery's self consumption and extending the standby time of mobile phones, which can fully reach the level of international integration. This polymer lithium battery that supports high discharge currents is an ideal choice for remote control models, making it the most promising product to replace nickel hydrogen batteries.

7. Can be combined in series or parallel to form 18650 lithium battery packs

8. Wide range of use

Laptops, walkie talkies, portable DVDs, instruments, audio equipment, aircraft models, toys, cameras, digital cameras and other electronic devices

As an important component of the lithium battery family, the 18650 battery was widely used in consumer electronics products in its early years. In recent years, with the strong rise of new energy vehicles, 18650 batteries have also been used in the new energy vehicle industry.

In addition to the traditional Tesla, Porsche and domestic companies such as JAC, Zotye, Changan, and GAC have also joined the research and development team of the 18650 battery model. Industry insiders say that in the future, more car models will fall in love with 18650 batteries, driving a disruptive change in the way 18650 batteries are used.

18650 battery has obvious advantages

"Japanese manufacturers have accumulated a lot of experience in the production process of 18650 batteries, and their produced 18650 batteries have reached a relatively high level of consistency and safety, known as the 'benchmark' in the industry." According to Luo Huiming, Deputy Secretary General of the China Micro Electric Vehicle Industry Technology Innovation Alliance, this is why Tesla chose Japanese 18650 batteries.

Deng Lunhao, General Manager of Guangxi Zhuoneng New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., also mentioned that "due to the high level of production automation, good stability, and high replaceability of 18650 batteries, they have unparalleled unique advantages in system development modularization and standardization. They can effectively reduce production costs and save labor.".

In terms of energy density, the ModelS uses a 3.1Ah 18650 battery with an energy density of approximately 252Wh/kg. The soft pack battery used by Toyota Leaf is 33Ah, with a single battery energy density of 150Wh/kg. It is obvious that 18650 batteries have better energy density than soft pack batteries. Therefore, the 18650 battery has significant advantages, especially when applied to micro electric vehicles.

Advantages and disadvantages of 18650 lithium batteries

The characteristics of micro electric vehicles are small size, flexible design, and extremely low price. "The characteristics of 18650 batteries are high energy density, small individual volume, and low cost." Professor Sun Liqing from Beijing Institute of Technology said that using 18650 batteries for micro electric vehicles can achieve more loading capacity in small spaces and maximize utilization. In the future, 18650 batteries will be better applied in the field of micro electric vehicles, and their share will continue to grow.

Deng Lunhao also revealed to reporters that Zhuoneng New Energy will begin mass production of 2.9Ah 18650 batteries in the second half of this year.

However, everything has its duality, and the coexistence of advantages and disadvantages is the norm. In addition to the advantages mentioned above, the disadvantages of 18650 batteries cannot be ignored.

"During the operation of power batteries, the battery management system plays a crucial role in meeting safety standards. The biggest drawback of 18650 batteries is that their individual battery capacity is relatively low, generally around 2-4Ah, requiring a large number of batteries and making battery management more complex." Sun Liqing mentioned that this leads to the need for a thermal management system for heat dissipation of 18650 batteries. Due to the small temperature difference inside the individual cell, it is difficult to maintain the temperature difference of the entire battery pack within a suitable range.

However, the power requirements for micro electric vehicles are between 10-20kWh, and the demand for 18650 batteries is between 1000-2000 units. This poses little challenge to the assembly and connection of battery systems. Several 18650 battery system integrators have emerged in China, which can meet the needs of customers. Meanwhile, due to the relatively small number of connected cars compared to passenger cars, management is relatively easy.

In terms of passenger cars, Tesla requires 7000 to 8000 18650 batteries to be reliably connected into modules. "The reason why Tesla dares to use nearly 8000 18650 batteries to connect into modules is mainly based on high-quality battery cells and unparalleled welding technology." Deng Lunhao believes that although 18650 batteries have defects, they do not hinder their integration into the power battery family.

For power batteries, in addition to safety, energy density, and range, there is also a very important assessment standard, which is the cycle service life. From the test data, the cyclic service life of 18650 batteries is generally between 500 and 1000 cycles, which is relatively low compared to the 2000 cycles of soft pack batteries, which to some extent limits the application range of 18650 batteries.

Continuously moving forward in disputes

It is reported that among various 18650 batteries, the 2.2Ah product ranks first in terms of shipment volume, accounting for about 40% of the total shipment volume of 18650 batteries. Thanks to the rapid development of new energy vehicles, the shipment volume of 18650 batteries exceeding 2.6Ah has gradually increased to around 40%, becoming the "new main force" in 18650 battery sales.

At present, the main 18650 battery companies in China include Foster, Zhuoneng, Bike, Lishen, etc. The main 18650 battery companies abroad include Samsung, Panasonic, LG Chemical, etc. According to relevant data, in 2015, Samsung in South Korea had an annual production capacity of up to 700 million units, Panasonic in Japan had an annual production capacity of nearly 300 million units, while companies such as Foster and Zhuoneng had an annual production capacity of less than 100 million units.

In response to this situation, Deng Lunhao explained that "China's annual production capacity of 18650 batteries is not as high as that of South Korea and Japan. The main reason is that China's 18650 batteries started late and developed relatively slowly. Although the current annual production capacity in China is not satisfactory, due to the continued popularity of the new energy industry, the booming 18650 battery market is only a matter of time, after all, it provides more choices for new energy vehicles.".

At the same time, a large number of insightful listed companies have entered the 18650 battery industry, and in 2015 alone, five listed companies "deployed troops" to the 18650 battery industry. According to statistics, five listed companies invested a total of 6.558 billion yuan, undoubtedly injecting a "booster" into the 18650 battery industry. At the same time, the continuous efforts of enterprises in the 18650 battery market further prove the bright prospects of the 18650 battery market.

Although the prospects are bright, it must be mentioned that the power lithium battery industry has formed a competitive pattern among China, South Korea, and Japan, with the production of these three countries accounting for more than 90% of the global total production. However, the technological level of battery production in China still lags behind that of Japan and South Korea, and there are only a few enterprises that can truly produce high-quality products.

"The domestic 18650 battery industry is currently in a situation of 'internal troubles and external threats'. Firstly, competition from other batteries, such as square batteries and soft pack batteries; secondly, competition from foreign 18650 battery markets, such as Samsung in South Korea and Panasonic in Japan, is not very optimistic about the market environment." Deng Lunhao told reporters.

Industry insiders say that although the number of companies investing in 18650 batteries continues to increase, most of them have been applied without truly optimizing the performance of their own batteries according to the requirements of the entire vehicle, and the specific quantitative indicators for the battery requirements of micro electric vehicles have not yet been proposed, which also poses great challenges to the promotion of 18650 batteries.

Fortunately, the "Revised Management Rules for the Access of New Energy Vehicle Production Enterprises and Products" bind the recommended catalog of new energy vehicle models with the "Specification Conditions for Automotive Power Batteries" (hereinafter referred to as the "Specification Conditions"). Models that have entered the recommended catalog of new energy vehicle models must be accompanied by power batteries that meet the "Specification Conditions" in order to receive national subsidies for new energy vehicles.

Regarding this policy, Sun Liqing explained, "This means that the 'Normative Conditions' will become a mandatory standard, and this change will raise the entry threshold for the 18650 battery industry, forcing companies to focus on the scale and quality improvement of 18650 battery production." In the future, small or cost-effective 18650 battery companies will face elimination or acquisition and integration.

"18650 batteries are not bad, and there are still many advantages compared to polymer batteries. However, the safety and stability of batteries produced by domestic manufacturers are relatively poor, which has tarnished their reputation. Whether 18650 batteries in China will fail or dominate in the future depends on whether China's 18650 batteries can do a good job in self-improvement." Luo Huiming added in the end.

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