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Why does the lifespan and capacity of lithium batteries decrease during winter use? People often ask online, "Why is the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries shorter in winter than in summer? Low temperature use of lithium-ion batteries has problems such as low capacity, severe attenuation, poor cycle rate performance, obvious lithium precipitation, and imbalanced lithium removal and insertion. Below, lithium-ion battery manufacturers will answer these questions for everyone.".

Why does the lifespan and capacity of lithium batteries decrease during winter use?

In winter, the range of new energy vehicles decreases, which is actually a normal reason. Because lithium batteries are significantly affected by low temperature conditions. Within the range of 0-40 degrees, lithium batteries are not very sensitive. Once it crosses this temperature range, its lifespan and capacity will be compromised.

There is currently no clear theory to support the internal resistance, discharge platform, lifespan, and capacity of lithium batteries at different temperatures. The relevant calculation formulas and mathematical models are still in the exploratory stage. Generally speaking, lithium batteries are not sensitive to temperatures between 0 and 40 degrees Celsius. However, once the temperature exceeds this range, the lifespan and capacity of lithium batteries will decrease.

Lithium batteries cannot be quantified specifically because they are too active and consistency is the biggest issue. Even for the same batch of products, the same materials, and the same process, there will be very different performance.

A large number of experiments have been conducted, and the low-temperature performance of lithium batteries with different materials is also different. Currently, the hottest lithium iron phosphate is the worst at low temperatures. At -10 ℃, the release capacity of our product is 89% of its maximum capacity. It should already be relatively high in industry, with an output capacity of 95% at 55 ℃, but the attenuation is still relatively small at lower temperatures. This is still a product that needs to be inspected. As we all know, the quality of a normal production line is much higher than that of a regular production line.

The low-temperature resistance performance of lithium batteries made of different materials also varies. For example, ternary batteries have slightly better low-temperature resistance, while lithium iron phosphate batteries have relatively poor low-temperature resistance. Automobile consumers can also feel that lithium batteries are used for shorter periods of time in winter than in summer. Especially in the northern regions of our country, the feeling is more pronounced. For example, a lithium iron phosphate battery releases 89% of its maximum capacity at minus ten degrees Celsius.

The working principle of lithium-ion batteries is that the internal electrolyte undergoes chemical reactions, resulting in a potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes and generating current. In low-temperature environments, the electrolyte moves quite slowly, which affects the transfer activity of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes, leading to a decrease in battery charging and discharging performance.

Factors restricting the low-temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries

Under low temperature conditions, the viscosity of the electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries increases and even partially solidifies, leading to a decrease in the conductivity of lithium-ion batteries.

The compatibility between electrolyte, negative electrode, and separator deteriorates in low-temperature environments.

The negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries in low-temperature environments experiences severe lithium precipitation, and the precipitated metallic lithium reacts with the electrolyte, resulting in the deposition of its products and an increase in the thickness of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI).

In low-temperature environments, the diffusion system of lithium-ion batteries within the active material decreases, and the charge transfer impedance (Rct) significantly increases.

Reminder: When there is a significant temperature difference between winter and summer, it is best to charge it in a timely manner, otherwise it will affect the service life of the lithium battery.

When the temperature is low, the activity of the electrolyte will decrease, which is not conducive to lithium ion transport and affects the charging and discharging capacity of the battery, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity. Generally speaking, the usage range of lithium-ion batteries is between -20 to 60 ℃. Beyond this range, the performance of the battery will be compromised.

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