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To be precise, these two are not the same thing. Solar cells are not actually batteries, but photoelectric conversion semiconductors, and additional battery packs are required for energy storage. Lithium batteries are devices for converting chemical energy into electrical energy

Solar cells are a special material that produces photovoltaic effects and cannot store electrical energy. They can only convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy in real time. Without sunlight, they cannot generate electricity. Lithium ion batteries are a type of battery that can store the electricity generated by solar cells, making it convenient for use in the absence of sunlight or at night. In solar photovoltaic application products, the two are often combined for use.

It must be solar energy with a lithium battery. If you add a battery, your solar panel will be useless. Regular batteries cannot be charged, and when the battery is used up, there is no sun left, so you cannot use it. If it is a lithium battery, it can be used for a long time. Although it was a bit expensive at first, it is practical, and a small lithium battery will not exceed 10 yuan. So it's better to use lithium batteries

Solar cells are a type of photovoltaic energy conversion battery that absorbs light energy and converts it into electrical energy. Lithium batteries, on the other hand, are rechargeable batteries that can be repeatedly charged inside

What you mean is why lithium batteries are not used for storage after converting solar cells into electrical energy. Of course, it is possible, but generally, lithium batteries have a higher voltage and require a higher charging control circuit. However, the charging current of general solar cells is very small, so a regular rechargeable battery is sufficient

The energy issue is an eternal topic in the world today, which has led to the development of electronic devices, new energy vehicles, and smart grids. Solar energy, as a clean and sustainable energy source, can compensate for the shortcomings of batteries, and batteries can also compensate for the intermittent problems of solar energy. How to organically combine solar cells and energy storage batteries? Recently, Professor QiquanQiao (corresponding author) and others from South Dakota State University in the United States summarized, discussed, and looked forward to the problems encountered in designing integrated systems for solar cells and energy storage batteries. Three important parameters in the integrated system of solar cells and energy storage cells, namely energy density, efficiency, and stability, are interpreted one by one.

1. The necessity of integrated solar cells - energy storage batteries

Today's mass consumers heavily rely on energy technology and its development. The three key technologies currently related to energy are intelligent electronic products, electric vehicles, and smart grids. Smart electronic products rely on batteries with limited capacity and require frequent charging of electronic devices using wired connections. Solar or photovoltaic energy provides possible convenience for charging batteries, as the energy density of solar energy can reach 100mWcm-2 in outdoor sunlight. Another thriving market at present is the electric vehicle industry. Although electric vehicles do not produce carbon emissions, most of the electricity used by cars comes from the fossil fuel powered grid. Unless the electricity used by vehicles comes from renewable energy sources, the sustainability significance of electric vehicles is not significant. In addition, the distribution of charging stations also limits their practical applications. Distributed power generation, such as photovoltaic power generation, is the most suitable charging method for electric vehicles. Another promising application is the power grid. The application of renewable energy is steadily expanding, and the biggest problem with using photovoltaic energy is the lack of sunlight at night or on cloudy days, resulting in intermittent power supply during use. This intermittency can lead to power fluctuation output, which is a key issue in power grid applications. Therefore, power companies will limit the power of integrating photovoltaic power into the grid. This has not fully utilized the potential of photovoltaic power generation. Energy storage batteries can solve these problems. Batteries can be charged during the day and discharged at night, providing the possibility of connecting photovoltaic power generation to the grid.

2. Comparison between traditional and advanced "solar cell energy storage battery" systems

The traditional method of using solar cells to charge batteries is to design two independent systems (Figure 1A), which involve the solar cells and energy storage cells connected as two independent units through wires. Such systems are often expensive, bulky, and inflexible, requiring a considerable amount of space. Additionally, external wires can cause power loss.

Integrating production capacity and energy storage into one unit for integrated design will effectively solve the energy density issues of solar cells and batteries. This design has the characteristic of miniaturization, which in turn reduces costs and increases the practicality of photovoltaic systems. Despite its many advantages, there are still significant challenges in terms of efficiency, capacity, and stability. At present, research in this area is still in its early stages, and the focus of research is mainly on the design of materials and devices.

The integrated photovoltaic cell system can be achieved through two different configurations: three electrodes (Figure 1B and 1C) and two electrodes (Figure 1D). In the three electrode design, one electrode is used as a common electrode as the cathode or anode between the photovoltaic device and the battery. In a dual electrode configuration, both the positive and negative electrodes perform both light conversion and energy storage functions simultaneously.

3. Design of a binary separated "solar cell energy storage battery"

This section summarizes the previous work on the design of separated "solar cells energy storage batteries". Silicon solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and dye sensitized solar cells can all be combined with lithium-ion batteries in different forms. Figures 2A and B show four series connected perovskite solar cells charging lithium-ion batteries with an efficiency of 7.36%. The corresponding author Qiao Qiquan's team used transformers and maximum power point tracking to charge lithium-ion batteries using a single perovskite solar cell, achieving an efficiency of 9.36%. The research findings were published in AdvanceEnergyMaterials (Figures 2C and D).

4. Design of a single integrated "solar cell energy storage battery"

Most of the design work on integrated solar cells energy storage batteries focuses on combining solar cells with capacitive energy storage rather than batteries. Integrated systems can be divided into three types of designs: (1) direct integration, (2) photo assisted integration, and (3) redox flow battery integration. Direct integration includes stacking solar cells and batteries together (excluding redox flow cells). Photoassisted integration uses solar energy to charge the battery, providing only a portion of the energy. The integration of redox flow involves the use of redox flow batteries with solar charging. The article provides a detailed summary of the work of previous researchers on these three forms, with Figures 3, 4, and 5 as their typical representatives.

5.1 Energy density

Traditional lithium-ion batteries often adopt a winding packaging method to improve their energy density, which is not feasible for the integrated system of solar cells and energy storage batteries. Because the packaging method of lithium-ion batteries affects the area receiving solar energy. The number and power of solar cells need to be matched with the energy storage part to solve the available PV surface area, possible number of stacked cells, and power matching needs. Using materials with high specific capacity as electrodes can improve the overall energy density of the system. For example, silicon NMC batteries have an energy density of 400kW/kg, and silicon is also a photovoltaic material. If silicon can be used as both a lithium-ion electrode and a photovoltaic electrode in an integrated system, it would be an ideal design. Silicon solar cells require high crystallinity, and lithium insertion will cause a decrease in the crystallinity of silicon, which requires finding an optimized balance point. The research on lithium metal batteries also provides the possibility to improve the overall energy density of the system. In addition, according to literature reports, the light conversion material perovskite has been proven to have the ability to embed lithium ions, and doping lithium ions in perovskite has a positive impact on its photovoltaic performance, making it possible for perovskite to become a high-capacity dual functional material for integrated photovoltaic cell systems. For applications that require higher volume to energy ratios, it will be more appropriate.

The overall efficiency of an idealized integrated system is the product of solar energy conversion efficiency and energy storage system. The maximum efficiency that an integrated system can achieve is limited by solar energy conversion efficiency. In reality, the efficiency of an integrated system in design also needs to consider various losses. Silicon solar cells and perovskite cells can provide more efficient photovoltaic conversion, which will provide better overall efficiency in integrated systems. If solar cells are to provide greater efficiency, another factor to consider is Maximum Power Tracking (MPPT), which allows solar cells to provide maximum power. In terms of energy storage batteries, it is necessary to select the most matching positive and negative electrodes to maximize the Coulombic efficiency.

5.3 Stability

Stability requires consideration of photostability, electrochemical stability, and environmental stability, which requires careful selection of electrode materials. Although promising progress has been made in the stability research of perovskite solar cells, it is still in the preliminary research stage. If perovskite is chosen as the photovoltaic part of the integrated system, greater breakthroughs are needed in the research of perovskite. The use of liquid electrolytes is also detrimental to the stability of the system. Solid electrolytes can be chosen to improve the overall safety and stability of the system. Because solar cells generate heat, when selecting electrode materials for energy storage batteries, their high-temperature resistance should also be considered.

6. Future development direction and outlook

The integrated "solar cell energy storage battery" system is still in the early research and development stage. So far, literature reports have focused on the feasibility of innovative material development and new equipment design, and future research should continue to develop in this direction. Innovative designs require a combination of high capacity, high efficiency, and more stable materials. Optimizing integrated systems can use the following strategies, such as using dual functional materials for energy conversion and storage, using high-capacity energy storage materials, maximum power tracking, integrating lithium-ion capacitors, using solid-state electrolytes, and improving compatibility between electrochemical electrodes and electrolytes. Integrated systems can utilize simulation or modeling methods to better predict system performance and provide better design solutions for integrated systems. In addition, future efforts should focus on integrating "solar cell energy storage battery" integrated systems with practical applications such as sensor networks, wearable devices, and electronic devices. Although there is still a long way to go for the commercialization of the integrated system of solar cells and energy storage batteries, its development will greatly benefit from the rapid progress in the field of photovoltaics and batteries. Its future development direction will also shift from initially targeting low-power and compact applications to large-scale energy applications.

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