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The characteristics of fuel cell engines

1. The advantages of fuel cells

1) Energy saving, high conversion efficiency, and no need for petroleum fuels

a) Except for producing hydrogen gas through gasoline reforming, other fuels (such as methanol and hydrocarbons) generally do not use petroleum fuels.

The comprehensive efficiency from the engine to the wheels through the drive system is about 11% for internal combustion engine vehicles. The actual efficiency of FCEV using hydrogen as fuel reaches 50% to 70%; Using methanol as fuel, hydrogen gas FCEV is produced through reforming, with an actual efficiency of 34%. It can be seen that the actual efficiency of FCEVs is much higher than that of internal combustion engine vehicles.

b) Internal combustion engines have the highest efficiency near their rated power, but when operating under partial power output conditions, efficiency rapidly decreases.

The efficiency of fuel cells can reach 60% at rated power, 70% under partial power output conditions, and 50-55% under overload power output conditions. The range of high efficiency varies with power, and it has a high operating rate at low power, making it particularly suitable for the requirements of automotive power performance.

c) Internal combustion engines have low overload capacity and are prone to stalling during overload operation.

2) Emissions reach zero pollution

The harmful gases emitted by internal combustion engines are a fatal drawback of internal combustion engine vehicles, causing environmental pollution. Although various internal and external technical measures have been taken, they can only achieve a level of "low pollution". Due to the large number of internal combustion engine vehicles, even "low pollution" has a huge impact on the Earth's environment. The fuel cell engine that uses hydrogen as fuel mainly produces water, which belongs to "zero pollution". Fuel cell engines using hydrocarbons as fuel mainly generate substances such as water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, which belong to "ultra-low pollution". Due to the demand for environmental protection and the search for new energy sources, fuel cell engines are an ideal power device and may gradually replace oil as the main energy source for vehicles.

3) Vehicle performance is close to that of internal combustion engine vehicles

The specific power of the internal combustion engine is about 300W/kg, and currently the specific power of the fuel cell body is 700W/kg, with a power density of 1000W/L. If including the reformer, purifier, and ancillary devices of fuel cells, the specific power is 300-350W/kg, and the power density is 280W/L. In terms of energy, fuel cells are similar to internal combustion engines, so their power performance can reach the level of internal combustion engine vehicles.

2. Disadvantages of fuel cells

1) Single fuel type

At present, whether it is liquid hydrogen, gaseous hydrogen, hydrogen stored in hydrogen storage metals, or hydrogen converted from carbohydrates after reforming, it is the only fuel for fuel cells. The production, storage, storage, transportation, filling or reforming of hydrogen are all complex and require high safety requirements. But the singularity of fuel types can establish a standardized and unified supply system.

2) Require high-quality sealing

The voltage that can be generated by individual fuel cells is about 1V, and the voltage that can be generated by individual fuel cells of different types varies slightly. Usually, multiple individual cells are combined according to the requirements of voltage and current to form a fuel cell engine group. When combined, strict sealing is required for the electrode connections between individual cells, because poorly sealed fuel cells can leak hydrogen gas outside the fuel cell, reducing hydrogen utilization and seriously affecting the efficiency of the fuel cell engine, and can also cause hydrogen combustion accidents. Due to strict sealing requirements, the manufacturing process of fuel cell engines is complex and poses many difficulties for use and maintenance.

3) Further improvement than power

The specific power of an internal combustion engine is about 300W/kg, and the specific power of a fuel cell fueled by hydrogen is about 300-350W/kg, with a power density of 280W/L. The comprehensive power density (including the mass of the reformer) of a fuel cell using hydrogen produced by methanol reforming as fuel is reduced to 220W/L. In order to meet the requirements of FCEV power performance, it is necessary to further improve the specific power of fuel cell engines.

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