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Range, range, range... When consumers choose electric vehicles, the most important thing to consider is the range performance. This automotive indicator is translated into the field of power batteries, which is: density, density, density

What is the current energy density performance of power batteries?

Many companies claim to have produced products with high energy density, some of which have already exceeded 300Wh/kg. But what is the level of energy density of power batteries that are truly mass-produced and installed in vehicles, excluding those in the laboratory?

The Electric Vehicle Observer analyzed the energy density of power batteries installed in May and made rankings for the energy density of power battery cells and system energy density.

The ternary soft pack CEF052EA model battery produced by Weihong Power has the highest individual energy density, reaching 251.70wh/kg (based on 1C charging and discharging calculations, other energy densities mentioned in this article are also based on this standard).

The 811 square battery ELE8A3 produced by Ningde Times, although not the highest in individual energy density, performs very well when grouped, with a system energy density of 166wh/kg, ranking first in system energy density.

What other battery cells and power battery systems have high energy density? What are the patterns? What is the change in conversion efficiency from cell energy density to system energy density? Please refer to the breakdown below.

one

Single density ranking:

The advantages of ternary soft packs are obvious

In terms of monomers, the advantages of ternary soft packs are indeed obvious. Especially when comparing the quality and energy density, due to the use of aluminum-plastic film packaging in the structure of soft pack batteries, their weight is 40% lighter than steel shell lithium batteries of the same capacity and 20% lighter than aluminum shell lithium batteries.

In May, the CEF052EA model battery produced by Weihong Power had the highest individual energy density, reaching 251.70wh/kg. It is understood that Weihong Power will mass produce power batteries with a single energy density of 260Wh/kg in the second half of the year, which are also ternary soft pack cells.

In second place, the IXP116/103/306 battery produced by Jiewei Power has an energy density of 245.06Wh/kg, which is also a ternary soft pack battery. According to its plan, the individual energy density of Jetway's soft pack battery in 2020 can reach 300Wh/kg.

In addition, the fourth ranked polytetrafluoroethylene PSP12161227-55Ah is also a ternary soft pack with a single energy density of 239.41Wh/kg. The eighth and ninth are all three yuan soft packs of Kanai New Energy.

Triple soft packs have high energy density and are therefore favored by many companies. Previously, three companies, CATL, Lishen, and Guoxuan, which undertook the National Ministry of Science and Technology's 300Wh/kg High Energy Density Major Science and Technology Project, all adopted the ternary soft pack route, with energy densities reaching 300Wh/kg. In addition, supporters of the ternary soft pack route also believe that the safety of the ternary soft pack is higher, the size is flexible and convenient to arrange, and it is also suitable for solid-state batteries. Therefore, in practical applications, there is also an upward trend. LG Chem internationally, as well as AESC acquired by China Vision, are also representatives of ternary soft packs.

On a single cell, cylindrical batteries also have an advantage in density. Among the top 20, 21700 (4.0-4.8Ah) batteries with different capacities produced by Lishen are all on the list, ranking 3rd, 6th, and 10th, with individual energy densities of 243.33Wh/kg, 233.33Wh/kg, and 225Wh/kg, respectively, indicating a relatively high overall energy density. According to the Lishen Battery Plan, by 2022, the energy density of individual battery cells will be increased to 350Wh/kg. The seventh ranked Hengdian Dongci is a cylindrical 18650 battery.

Cylindrical batteries have always been considered unsuitable as automotive power batteries by many people. However, due to the demonstration of Tesla+Panasonic, it has also become a powerful technological route. After Tesla and Panasonic upgraded their battery cells from 18650 to 21700, the energy density once again increased. However, domestic companies were able to follow very little, and doubts about this route have become popular again.

What about a square? The 5th, 14th, and 15th are from CATL, but only the fifth ranked ELE8A3 is a square 811 ternary battery, which should be the main model used by many companies using CATL 811 cells. Ranked 14th is the ternary PHEV battery. The 15th one is a rare ternary soft pack provided by CATL for the Xuan Yi Electric.

Ningde Era has always been dominated by square batteries

But the square route is still the mainstream in China, with Ningde Times and BYD, which mainly use squares, accounting for nearly 70% of the Chinese market share. From the density of the entire package, the effect is also good.

Data source: Electric Vehicle Observer, calculated and organized based on the number of vehicle factory certificates

Overall, from the perspective of the previous few, the energy density of batteries in various enterprises has developed rapidly. The "Medium - and Long Term Development Plan for the Automobile Industry" proposes a requirement that the energy density of power batteries should reach 300Wh/kg by 2020. Regardless of the technology route, it no longer seems to be a problem, especially under low rate charging and discharging conditions.

two

System energy density:

Continue to receive subsidy guidance and increase

There is a certain correlation between the energy density of the power battery system and the energy density of individual cells, but a high energy density of individual cells does not necessarily mean that the energy density of the system is also high.

From the products with the highest cell density, in terms of overall efficiency, the square is still the best, the cylindrical is also good, and the soft pack comes in second place. Taking Ningde Times as an example, its individual energy density only ranks fifth, but its products rank first in system energy density. This indicates that the energy density of the battery system is also closely related to the technical level of the system manufacturing enterprise.

According to the subsidy policy for new energy vehicles in 2019, system energy density is one of the mandatory indicators for obtaining subsidies. For car companies, the energy density of power battery systems is more crucial.

According to the Electric Vehicle Observer, in May, the energy density of battery systems produced by CATL, JAC Huating Battery System Company, BYD, BYD, and lithium-ion power sources ranked among the top.

GAC Motor AION ranked first S， The energy density is 166.06Wh/kg. In the recommended catalog, its energy density reaches 170Wh/kg because the charging and discharging test rules are relatively loose, and it can be charged and discharged at a smaller rate during testing. Therefore, the amount of electricity that can be released is larger, and the final calculated density is also higher.

The second ranked Jianghuai iEVS4 battery pack comes from Huating Battery System Co., Ltd. This founder comes from a company owned by Tesla and is skilled at grouping and packaging cylindrical batteries. Following Tesla's adoption of Panasonic 21700 batteries, they also put a lot of effort into the 21700 batteries, and the system energy density is also very good.

The third place is BYD, an old brand of Chinese power batteries. BYD's three element square battery cells do not have outstanding energy density at the cell level, but when grouped together, they perform outstandingly. The system density of BYD Tang EV600 is 161.09Wh/kg. BYD has already commercialized the new generation electric platform e-platform, and in addition to the Tang EV600, models such as the Qin ProEV will also have an energy density of over 160wh/kg.

BYD Power Battery

Ranking of Energy Density for Domestic Production of New Energy Vehicle Power Battery Systems in May

Power battery system production enterprises are mainly divided into three categories: battery cell production enterprises, vehicle enterprises, and third-party battery system enterprises, currently dominated by battery cell enterprises. There are 15 companies that produce power battery cells, 4 third-party battery system companies, and 1 vehicle company.

It needs to be emphasized again that we are using the single cell density and system density calculated by 1C charging and discharging. In the context of many electric vehicle owners using fast charging, it may be more practical. The energy density of the systems listed in the recommended directory is higher than the density calculated by this standard. Under the guidance of the 2019 policy requirement that 160Wh/kg can receive double subsidies, many car companies still aim to achieve system energy density above 160Wh/kg. However, the threshold of 0.9 times for 140Wh/kg and 0.8 times for 125Wh/kg has to be adhered to.

However, the energy density and safety of power batteries are interdependent, and the higher the energy density of the battery, the poorer its stability. Recently, electric vehicle spontaneous combustion incidents have occurred frequently, and enterprises still need to pursue energy density while ensuring safety.

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