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What is the power of an electric vehicle charging station? What is the difference in electric vehicle charging speed

With the increasing support from the country and local governments for new energy vehicles, domestic car companies have also begun to vigorously layout new energy vehicles. The number of electric vehicle models on the market has gradually increased, and the number of car owners who purchase electric vehicles is also increasing day by day. People are also beginning to pay attention to the problems that exist in the use of electric vehicles, such as many electric vehicle owners asking why there are differences in the charging speed of electric vehicles?

1. The impact of charging stations

Simply put, the higher the output power of a charging station, the shorter the charging time. However, currently charging stations are divided into AC charging stations and DC charging stations, and we can explain them separately.

From the perspective of communication piles, most slow charging piles or charging boxes in China use 220V AC charging, with output currents of 16A or 32A, and theoretical power of 3.3kW or 6.6kW, respectively. Considering a 10% power loss, the AC charging speed is still very slow. For example, for electric vehicles with a general battery capacity of about 20kWh, using the current mainstream 3.3kW AC charging method takes 6-8 hours to fully charge. For Tesla's 220V HPWC (High Power Wall Mounted Adapter), the output current can reach 50A and the output power is 11kw. We don't need to think about it anymore. This is specifically designed for MODELS, and Tesla's interface with national standards is not universal, which is not in line with national conditions. Just take a look.

For DC piles, unlike AC charging piles with a voltage of 220V, the voltage connected to DC piles is 380V, and the power generally reaches 10kW or above. For example, for electric passenger vehicles on the market, most of the DC piles built by State Grid are 37.5kW, while those built by Putian are also 10kW or above. For electric vehicles with a typical battery capacity of around 20kWh, charging them with a 10kW DC pile for 2-3 hours can fully charge them.

From this, it can be seen that judging from the output power alone, the charging speed of AC and DC can be determined. It is said that some early electric vehicle models were only equipped with AC charging ports, so the charging speed naturally cannot be faster. Therefore, there is a saying in the industry about AC slow charging and DC fast charging.

So, for car owners who have just started using electric vehicles, here is a simple method to estimate the charging time of their car. During the charging process, when the output current and voltage on the charging station display interface are stable, check the output voltage and current value, calculate the output power, and then compare the amount of electricity their car is ready to charge to roughly estimate the time required for charging.

2. The impact of the vehicle mounted charger

During the process of vehicle AC charging, the onboard charger will participate in the current conversion process. Usually, AC power is converted into DC power through the onboard charger and stored in the power battery as electrical energy. Therefore, for the design of the vehicle mounted charger, its power needs to be matched with the AC output power, generally around 3.3kw. Even if a higher power charging station is used, the output current can only be around 16A, and the charging speed cannot be fast. However, it can be foreseen that with the increase of electric vehicle battery power, the future power of the vehicle mounted charger should be above 6.6kw to ensure the minimum user demand for charging speed. During the inspection of the charging station, it was found that the charging of the Shenbao electric vehicle can reach 220V/32A. After investigation, it was found that the power of the vehicle mounted charger can reach 6.6kw, which is much faster than the E150EV charging speed.

If DC charging is used, due to the different interface from AC charging, DC electricity is directly stored in the power battery as electrical energy, without going through the on-board charger, and the charging speed is naturally much faster. However, in order to ensure battery life and avoid overcharging and discharging, the car factory will set the BMS (battery management system) of the entire vehicle's power battery. For example, the charging rate of the BYD E6 operating in Shenzhen is about 0.5C (E6 charging voltage and current 326V/100A).

3. The impact of power batteries

When the fixed power output at the charging station end is the same, the higher the power of the vehicle's power battery, the longer the charging time. This is similar to a math problem for elementary school students, where the same caliber drain pipe is used to fill the pool with water. The larger the pool, the longer it takes to fill it with water. This principle is relatively simple.

In addition, the energy density of ternary lithium batteries is generally higher than that of lithium iron phosphate batteries. Therefore, for the same vehicle model, if the driving range is required to be consistent, the amount of ternary batteries installed will definitely be less than that of lithium iron batteries, and the charging speed will naturally be faster.

There is also a phenomenon that northern friends may feel more deeply, which is that in winter, their car cannot be charged or the charging speed is extremely slow. What is the reason for this? This is related to the chemical properties of the battery itself, which is called low-temperature protection. In the case of low temperature, the metallic lithium in the battery will deposit and no longer react with the substance, resulting in internal short circuits in the battery. It should be noted that the low-temperature performance of lithium iron phosphate batteries is relatively poor. According to relevant materials, its capacity retention rate is about 60-70% at 0 ℃, 40-55% at -10 ℃, and 20-40% at -20 ℃. The ternary battery is slightly better than lithium iron phosphate. In the past, some electric vehicle users needed to drive out and run a few laps to heat up the car in order to charge it. It is estimated that this phenomenon only occurs in the northern regions of China. However, now most car manufacturers have battery heating modules, which can heat up while charging during cold weather. Activating the battery during the charging process naturally consumes a lot of electricity. In short, it is certain that the charging speed is slow in winter, but different car manufacturers may have slightly different solutions and efficiency. For this issue, car owners still need to carefully inquire before buying a car.

4. Other influencing factors

Here we will mention the factors that affect power load, especially in summer when every household has air conditioning or other high-power equipment, and when the transformer load reaches its peak, the voltage will decrease, which will also affect the charging speed of electric vehicles. However, regular residential areas usually use dedicated transformers, which have limited impact on charging speed. Some self built houses, urban villages, and other users generally use electricity from regional public transformers, which has a greater impact. Therefore, for electric vehicle users, it is recommended to choose to charge during the off peak period, as the charging speed will be faster.

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