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What material is the positive electrode of lithium batteries? We can divide this question into two aspects: common positive electrode materials, uncommon positive electrode materials, and uncommon positive electrode materials

There are four common positive electrode materials for lithium batteries

1: Lithium manganese oxide

There are two types of lithium manganese oxide, one is lithium manganese oxide cathode material, and the other is lithium permanganate cathode material. The elements are exactly the same, and we usually use modified lithium manganese oxide, which is lithium permanganate as the cathode material. The product is spinel type, and the layered type is rarely seen

The main components used in the production of lithium permanganate are lithium carbonate and EMD. From the perspective of the main components, it can be seen that lithium permanganate is environmentally friendly and has high safety performance, but its cycling performance is not excellent enough. If the cycling performance is increased to about 2000 times, the energy density will correspondingly decrease to 100mAh/g. Therefore, this degree needs to be customized by lithium battery engineers

2: Lithium cobalt oxide

Lithium cobalt oxide cathode material is a type of lithium cobalt oxide, a gray black powder commonly used in 3C electronic products due to its high compaction density, reaching 4g/cubic meter, and relatively simple synthesis. Many companies choose lithium cobalt oxide as a positive electrode material

When lithium cobalt oxide is used as a positive electrode material, there are three different states, namely: layered structure, spinel structure, and rock salt phase structure. Its energy density can reach 270mAh/g under experimental conditions. However, the actual energy density can only reach 140mAh/g, and currently cobalt has limited resources and is relatively expensive

3: Lithium iron phosphate

Lithium iron phosphate is a type of lithium iron oxide, sometimes referred to as iron lithium cathode material. It is an orthorhombic olivine structure, and the actual and theoretical specific capacity values of this structure are basically consistent, at 170mAh/g

The main user of lithium iron phosphate cathode material is BYD company, because the cycle number of lithium iron phosphate can reach 2000, it is basically made into a battery that can be charged once a day, 360 times a year, and can be used for nearly 7 years. It is currently one of the more perfect cathode materials, and another advantage of lithium iron phosphate cathode material is that it is environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and harmless

4: Ternary materials

There are two types of ternary materials with almost identical structures. Here, we only take one as an example: nickel cobalt manganese oxide lithium cathode material. This ternary material has the advantages of lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, and lithium manganese oxide, all of which are combined into one, but the overall stability is also reduced

The most stable proportion of ternary materials is nickel cobalt manganese with a ratio of 1:1:1. This architecture is the most stable and can also be written as NCM111; In fact, NCM523 is relatively stable in the ternary structure, NCM622 is not stable enough, and NCM811 is relatively active. Currently, Japan and South Korea are leading the research and development of ternary cathode materials, and domestic cathode material manufacturers are constantly catching up. It is expected that by 2020, domestic and foreign cathode materials may surpass each other in terms of energy density, safety performance, and other technical parameters

There are two types of uncommon positive electrode materials for lithium batteries

1: Lithium nickel oxide

Lithium nickel oxide

When it comes to lithium nickel oxide, it has to be said that lithium cobalt oxide has the same structure, so its theoretical value is 270mAh/g. However, its actual capacity value is 70mAh/g higher than that of lithium cobalt oxide, and the working voltage can also reach 4.2V. It is an ideal positive electrode material for lithium batteries. However, in the industrial process, its strict preparation conditions have led to a significant increase in the cost of lithium nickel oxide, and the quality of the prepared products varies. Therefore, few companies are willing to invest in lithium nickel oxide

The advantages of lithium nickel oxide are very obvious. Its actual monomer energy density is high, environmentally friendly, low self discharge, and relatively affordable. It is currently one of the more perfect positive electrode materials. However, due to its fatal shortcomings, it has led to bottlenecks in large-scale production. In addition, it has poor thermal stability. When the temperature exceeds 200 ℃, lithium nickel oxide is prone to decomposition, which also brings certain uncertainty to production

2: Lithium titanate

Lithium titanate positive electrode material is a special type of positive electrode material, which can not only be used as a positive electrode material, but also as a negative electrode material. Because it is actually a "zero tension" positive electrode material, it also has a very low proportion of cycle loss and an exaggerated extension of cycle life. The latest data shows that the cycle life of lithium titanate can reach more than 20000 times. Adding lithium titanate positive electrode material to the car can charge once a day, and lithium titanate batteries can be used for 55 years. Why hasn't such a good positive electrode material been produced in large quantities?

The main reason for this is that lithium titanate has a low energy density, frequent charging cycles, and a theoretical specific capacity of 175mAh/g, while the actual specific capacity is 160mAh/g. Additionally, the production of so-called lithium titanate batteries may experience thermal expansion issues, as well as prolonged use and air permeability issues, which limits its market prospects. Therefore, there are relatively few companies currently producing lithium titanate cathode materials and they are not mainstream

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