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Energy is the cornerstone of social and technological development. However, with the increasing global pollution, energy conservation and environmental protection have become the top priority of social development. Currently, China vigorously advocates environmental protection and has introduced some relevant policies. Therefore, there are more and more environmental protection equipment on the market. Including the reduction of gasoline vehicles, the market launch of new energy vehicles, and products such as power banks, all of which are environmentally friendly batteries. That is to say, lithium batteries. Compared to traditional lead-acid batteries, lithium batteries have the characteristics of short charging time, long cycle life, energy conservation, environmental protection, pollution-free, light weight, and long service life. It has a long lifespan, how many years can it last?

A ternary lithium battery is a type of lithium battery with a ternary cathode material. The chemical properties of lithium iron phosphate crystals are stable, and in practical use, they will not overheat or explode even in situations such as outdated charging or high temperatures. The cycle life of lead-acid batteries can also reach 500 times, while the cycle life of ternary lithium batteries can reach more than 1000 times, which is far more than that of lead-acid batteries.

Calculated based on 1000 cycles of a ternary battery, it can be fully charged and discharged once every three days, with a service life of 8.3 years. Even if there is a loss process, it can still reach over 7 years.

The depreciation rate of lead-acid batteries is fast and requires continuous maintenance, with a long usage time of no more than one and a half years. In contrast, under the same conditions, the service life of ternary lithium batteries can reach 7 years. The ternary lithium battery can adapt to a wide range of working temperatures, with a peak electric heating temperature of 350 ℃ -500 ℃. Compared to ordinary lead-acid batteries, their energy storage capacity is stronger and their materials are relatively lightweight.

Ternary lithium batteries do not contain any rare earth metals or heavy metals, and are environmentally friendly. They are a new type of green and environmentally friendly battery. However, ternary lithium batteries also have their own shortcomings, such as poor performance in low-temperature environments and larger volume than lead-acid batteries under the same conditions. Therefore, there will inevitably be significant shortcomings in the development of micro batteries.

As a rechargeable lithium battery, ternary lithium batteries have stable output voltage, high output voltage, stable performance, large capacity, long service life, wide operating temperature range, good safety, and environmental friendliness. Therefore, there is great room for improvement in the future development of lithium batteries, but continuous research is needed to improve their own shortcomings.

Lithium iron phosphate battery: refers to a lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the positive electrode material. Its characteristic is the absence of precious elements such as cobalt, low raw material prices, and abundant resources of phosphorus and iron on Earth, without any supply issues. Its working voltage is moderate (3.2V), with a large capacity per unit weight (170mAh/g), high discharge power, fast charging capability, and long cycle life. It has high stability in high temperature and high heat environments.

Compared to the commonly used lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese oxide batteries on the market, lithium iron phosphate batteries have at least five major advantages: higher safety, longer service life, no heavy metals and rare metals (low raw material cost), support for fast charging, and a wide range of operating temperatures.

The disadvantage of lithium iron phosphate is that it has some performance defects, such as low vibration density and compaction density, which leads to a lower energy density of lithium-ion batteries; The preparation cost of materials is relatively high compared to the manufacturing cost of batteries, resulting in low battery yield and poor consistency; Poor product consistency; Intellectual property issues.

Triple polymer lithium battery: A lithium battery with a nickel cobalt manganese oxide (Li (NiCoMn) O2) ternary cathode material as the positive electrode material. According to Ouyang Minggao from Tsinghua University, the "ternary" material referred to in this survey refers to the commonly referred to "ternary power battery" where the positive electrode is ternary and the negative electrode is graphite. In practical research and development applications, there is also a type of ternary material with a positive electrode and a negative electrode made of lithium titanate, commonly referred to as "lithium titanate". Its performance is relatively safe, and its lifespan is relatively long, which is not commonly referred to as a "ternary material"

The advantages of ternary lithium batteries are high energy density and better cycling performance than normal lithium cobalt oxide. At present, with the continuous improvement of formula and structural perfection, the nominal voltage of the battery has reached 3.7V, and its capacity has reached or exceeded the level of lithium cobalt oxide batteries.

The disadvantages of ternary material power lithium batteries mainly include nickel cobalt aluminum oxide lithium batteries, nickel cobalt manganese oxide lithium batteries, etc. Due to the unstable high-temperature structure of nickel cobalt aluminum, high temperature safety is poor, and high pH values can easily cause monomer swelling, which can cause danger. Currently, the cost is relatively high.

Introduction: In contrast, ternary polymer lithium batteries do have better characteristics than lithium iron phosphate batteries, but why is their development hindered? The development of new energy vehicles is also a key challenge for mobile digital products - the development of batteries. How to ensure that battery technology can meet the growing needs of consumers in a safe manner is not only the pursuit of automotive technology industry personnel, but also scientific researchers in all fields

When it comes to buying new energy vehicles, most consumers may immediately think of "policy incentives", although this may be a bit awkward, it is indeed a very real reason. In the domestic sales environment, opening up new energy vehicles is not only due to the sense of mission of "environmental protection", which is a long and arduous task. The advantages of new energy vehicles in terms of price and maintenance costs have indeed attracted the love of most consumers who still prioritize operating costs at this stage.

However, some consumers may temporarily stop their curiosity about new energy vehicles for certain reasons, as they are often left with lingering fear from various incidents of spontaneous combustion of new energy vehicles. And that is precisely why the author is writing this article today. It should be noted that not understanding the fundamental advantages and disadvantages of energy modules in new energy vehicles, and not knowing the precautions to be taken during use, is actually no different from buying a time bomb and keeping it by your side.

Lithium iron phosphate batteries: already mature but not yet sufficient

Lithium iron phosphate electrode material is currently the safest positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. With a cycle life of over 2000 times and standard charging (5 hour rate) usage, it can achieve a cycle performance of 2000 times. In addition, due to the mature industry, the price and technical threshold and the decline in technology have led many manufacturers to consider using lithium iron phosphate batteries due to various factors. It can be said that the rise of new energy vehicles is closely related to lithium iron phosphate batteries.

However, lithium iron phosphate batteries have a fatal drawback, which is their poor low-temperature performance. Even if they are nanosized and coated with carbon, this problem cannot be solved. Research has shown that a battery with a capacity of 3500mAh, if operated in an environment of -10 ℃, after less than 100 cycles of charging and discharging, will rapidly decay to 500mAh and be basically scrapped. This is not a good thing for the comprehensive national situation of our country, which has a vast territory and relatively high winter temperatures.

In addition, the preparation cost of materials and the manufacturing cost of batteries are relatively high, resulting in low battery yield and poor consistency. This is also an important reason why many pure electric vehicles cannot achieve their nominal range. Therefore, we can see that many new energy vehicles in China (whether pure electric or hybrid electric), or some relatively inexpensive new energy vehicles, will choose lithium iron phosphate batteries for different reasons. It can be said that the use of lithium iron phosphate batteries has an indelible foundational role in the mass production, implementation, and promotion of new energy vehicles.

In contrast, ternary polymer lithium batteries do have better characteristics than lithium iron phosphate batteries, but why is their development hindered?

Ternary polymer lithium batteries: an unstable future

A ternary polymer lithium battery refers to a lithium battery with a positive electrode material of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (Li (NiCoMn) O2. The precursor product of the ternary composite positive electrode material is made of nickel salt, cobalt salt, and manganese salt as raw materials, and the proportion of nickel cobalt manganese inside can be adjusted according to actual needs. Ternary lithium batteries have a higher energy density, but their safety is often questioned.

The reason for this is that even if both materials decompose at a certain temperature, ternary lithium materials will decompose at a lower temperature of around 200 degrees, while lithium iron phosphate materials will decompose at around 800 degrees. Moreover, the chemical reactions of ternary lithium materials are more intense, releasing oxygen molecules that rapidly ignite the electrolyte under high temperature, leading to a chain reaction. Simply put, ternary lithium materials are more prone to ignition than lithium iron phosphate materials. However, it should be noted that we are referring to materials rather than finished batteries.

Because ternary lithium materials have such safety hazards, manufacturers are also striving to suppress accidents. According to the characteristics of ternary lithium materials that are prone to pyrolysis, manufacturers will put a lot of effort into overcharge protection (OVP), over discharge protection (UVP), over temperature protection (OTP), and over current protection (OCP). So the spontaneous combustion incident should be more about considering whether the manufacturer's functions in these aspects are fully implemented, rather than simply giving up due to choking.

So what is the current usage of these two types of batteries? Let's focus on a set of data. Last November, the installed capacity of electric buses with lithium iron phosphate batteries accounted for 64.9%, while the installed capacity of ternary lithium batteries was only 27.6%. On the contrary, in the pure electric passenger car market, the installed capacity of ternary lithium batteries exceeded 76% in November last year.

It can be seen that the advantage of higher energy density of ternary lithium batteries should be born as future automotive new energy storage devices. And now, the occurrence of related safety incidents can be considered a good thing when the popularization of new energy vehicles is still in its early stages. Many new energy vehicle related enterprises, in order to achieve the dual goals of seizing the market and obtaining policy support, relax technical requirements and produce a large number of energy components that cannot withstand long-term repeated use. The working environment of automobiles is harsh, and using these components for a long time inevitably increases the causes of safety accidents.

Therefore, we can believe that Zhang Xiangmu, Director of the Equipment Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, announced at the China Electric Vehicle Hundred People Conference that the safety performance of ternary lithium battery buses should be evaluated, which is an intention of relevant national departments to define standards from a policy level to promote the emergence of industry standards. It has significant positive implications for both consumers and manufacturers in the future. Therefore, there is no need to be complacent just because you see the safety accident news of ternary lithium batteries on the internet. Materials can be dangerous, and the key is how to firmly control them.

Different types of batteries for new energy vehicles: unified requirements

After discussing the situation of batteries, the author believes that for new energy vehicles, it is necessary to briefly introduce the role of batteries in vehicles. After all, consumers who purchase pure electric vehicles are still in the minority, and more friends are concerned about hybrid vehicles. Strictly speaking, hybrid vehicles can be divided into three types: regular hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, and extended range hybrid vehicles.

The arrangement of battery capacity in the above three types of cars, from small to large, happens to be ordinary hybrid vehicles<plug-in hybrid vehicles ≤ extended range hybrid vehicles. The battery of a regular hybrid vehicle is not rechargeable and is used for start-up and rapid acceleration; The battery of plug-in hybrid vehicles increases its capacity and is rechargeable on the basis of ordinary hybrid vehicle batteries, providing better acceleration and fuel efficiency; The engine of extended range hybrid vehicles is used to drive electric motors for power generation, and is more inclined towards pure electric vehicles.

These three hybrid vehicle modes each have their own advantages and disadvantages, and at present, the main focus is also on conventional hybrid and plug-in hybrid. It is precisely because the characteristics of the three types of hybrid vehicles all have similarities in battery life and working environment that consumers should pay attention to relevant parameters, such as battery material, usage environment, and optimal working state, regardless of the mode of purchase of hybrid vehicles. At the same time, manufacturers should also strictly control battery quality and related safety settings during the design process to ensure safe and efficient use.

The key to the development of new energy vehicles lies in whether their user experience can rival or even surpass traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, and whether they have more outstanding advantages in the purchasing and after-sales processes. In my opinion, the key to the development of new energy vehicles is also the development of batteries, which is troubling mobile digital products. How to ensure that battery technology can meet the growing needs of consumers in a safe manner is not only the pursuit of automotive technology industry personnel, but also scientific researchers in all fields.

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