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When initially powered on, capacitor C1 is charged through a 10K resistor R1, and the potential of C1 slowly rises from a low level to Vcc and stabilizes.

When the power is cut off, the potential of C1 is close to Vcc, and it discharges to the Vcc power terminal of the IC through two channels; One way is through R1 discharge, and the other way is through diode rapid discharge. If there is no D1 present, C1 can only slowly discharge to the Vcc power terminal of the IC through a 10K resistor. Therefore, with D1 present, the discharge speed is much faster than the charging speed.

Yes, because of the function of the diode, when the power supply is powered on, the diode will reverse bias, which is equivalent to disconnecting. The power supply charges the capacitor through a resistor, and the charging time is related to the capacitance and resistance. When the power supply is powered off, it can be considered that the power supply voltage is 0, that is, if the VCC is short circuited to ground, the capacitor will discharge through the diode and resistance. Due to the low resistance of the diode conductor, the discharge time is very short..

When a capacitor interrupts power in an energized circuit, it stores a certain amount of voltage. When there are other loads or components in the circuit, it will discharge slowly. It can also be quickly discharged by artificially short circuiting small resistors or wires (low voltage).

What is the principle of capacitance? How to connect the wires?

A capacitor is composed of insulating material (dielectric) sandwiched between two metal plate electrodes. When a certain voltage is applied to two electrodes, an electric field is generated between the two metal plate electrodes. Under the action of the electric field, the electrons of the insulating material (medium) sandwiched in the middle are pulled to the position near the positive electrode plate, forming a persistent electric field. This process is to charge the capacitor; After the voltage applied to the two electrodes disappears, the electrons are subjected to the dual effects of atomic nucleus and electric field force, and there is a tendency to return to their original position. When the external circuit is connected, the electrons return to the other electrode plate through the external circuit under the action of the internal electric field force, and this process is called discharge.

Capacitors can leave lead wires as needed. Generally, each electrode only leads one wire, so capacitors usually have two legs.

The 3-pin or 4-pin capacitors you mentioned are usually double capacitors (two capacitors are connected together, the internal part of 3-pin is connected in series, and the two of 4-pin are independent), and the upper capacity is usually labeled as 2 × 000 μ F.

When a capacitor interrupts power in an energized circuit, it stores a certain amount of voltage. When there are other loads or components in the circuit, it will discharge slowly. It can also be quickly discharged by artificially short circuiting small resistors or wires (low voltage).

If a capacitor needs to be discharged, the two poles of the capacitor each carry a certain amount of charge, and the external environment and the capacitor form a closed loop (usually excluding the power supply). In order to force themselves to achieve electrostatic balance, the two poles of the capacitor form an electric field in the closed loop. The electric field continuously drives the excess electrons (negative charges) at one pole of the capacitor to approach the positive electrode of the capacitor, forming a current, causing the charges at both ends of the capacitor to neutralize. When the intermediate sum is completed, the electric field at both poles of the capacitor disappears. However, in an ideal situation, in reality, there is always resistance in the closed loop, so the charges at both ends of the capacitor exponentially neutralize and tend to zero, but.

When a capacitor interrupts power in an energized circuit, it stores a certain amount of voltage. When there are other loads or components in the circuit, it will discharge slowly. It can also be quickly discharged by artificially short circuiting small resistors or wires (low voltage).

In theory, as long as the two ends of the battery are discharged without a short circuit, the battery will not be damaged. But in practical operation, it is best not to exceed the current of C/2. Take your 12V7AH battery as an example, do not discharge more than 3.5A of current.

The 10HR you mentioned and the C/20 you mentioned on the first floor refer to the 10 hour and 20 hour discharge rates, which are the discharge currents selected when measuring battery capacity. In this type of low current discharge, the measured battery capacity is relatively accurate, but in practical applications, it is not possible to use such small currents.

For example, when a car or motorcycle is ignited, the instantaneous discharge current is very high, but it will not damage the battery as a result.

In theory, as long as the two ends of the battery are discharged without a short circuit, the battery will not be damaged. But in practical operation, it is best not to exceed the current of C/2. Take your 12V7AH battery as an example, do not discharge more than 3.5A of current.

The 10HR you mentioned and the C/20 you mentioned on the first floor refer to the 10 hour and 20 hour discharge rates, which are the discharge currents selected when measuring battery capacity. In this type of low current discharge, the measured battery capacity is relatively accurate, but in practical applications, it is not possible to use such small currents.

For example, when a car or motorcycle is ignited, the instantaneous discharge current is very high, but it will not damage the battery as a result.

Battery editing

In addition to lithium batteries, lead-acid batteries are also a very important battery system in commonly used rechargeable batteries. The advantage of lead-acid batteries is that their electromotive force is relatively stable during discharge, but the disadvantage is that their specific energy (stored energy per unit weight) is small and they are highly corrosive to the environment. Lead acid batteries have a stable working voltage, a wide range of operating temperatures and currents, the ability to charge and discharge hundreds of cycles, good storage performance (especially suitable for dry charge storage), and low cost, making them widely used.

Lead acid battery: Its volume and weight have not been effectively improved, so it is currently most commonly used in car and motorcycle engines. The biggest improvement of lead-acid batteries is the recent use of high-efficiency oxygen recombination technology to complete water regeneration, achieving the goal of complete sealing without the need for water. The "water free battery" made from it can have a lifespan of up to 4 years (single electrode voltage 2V).

Lead acid batteries have a history of over 150 years since their invention by Plant in 1859, and their technology is very mature, making them the most widely used chemical power source in the world. Despite the emergence and application of new types of batteries such as nickel cadmium batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries, and lithium-ion batteries in recent years, lead-acid batteries still hold a solid position in the vast majority of traditional and emerging application fields due to their strong high current discharge performance, stable voltage characteristics, wide temperature applicability, large single cell capacity, high safety, abundant and renewable raw materials, and low prices.

The composition of lead-acid batteries: electrode plate, partition, shell, electrolyte, lead connection bar, pole, etc

1. Positive and negative plates

Classification and composition: The electrode plate is divided into two types: positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate, both of which are composed of a grid frame and active substances filled on it.

Lead acid battery schematic diagram

Lead acid battery schematic diagram

Function: During the charging and discharging process of a battery, the mutual conversion of electrical and chemical energy is achieved through the chemical reaction between the active substance on the electrode plate and sulfuric acid in the electrolyte.

Color differentiation: The active substance on the positive electrode plate is lead dioxide (PbO2), which is dark brown in color; The active substance on the negative electrode plate is sponge like pure lead (Pb), which appears bluish gray.

The function of the grid frame is to accommodate active substances and shape the electrode plate.

Plate group: To increase the capacity of the battery, multiple positive and negative plates are welded in parallel to form a positive and negative plate group.

Special installation requirements: During installation, the positive and negative plates should be embedded with each other, and a partition should be inserted in the middle. In each individual battery, the number of negative plates is always one more than the number of positive plates.

2. Partition

Function: In order to reduce the internal resistance and size of the battery, the positive and negative plates inside the battery should be as close as possible; To avoid short circuits caused by contact with each other, positive and negative plates should be separated by partitions.

Material requirements: The partition material should have porosity and permeability, and its chemical properties should be stable, that is, it should have good acid resistance and oxidation resistance.

Materials: Commonly used partition materials include wooden partitions, microporous rubber, microporous plastics, fiberglass, and cardboard.

Installation requirements: The side with grooves on the partition should face the positive electrode plate during installation.

3. Shell

Function: Used to hold electrolyte and electrode group

Material: Made of materials that are acid resistant, heat resistant, shock resistant, have good insulation properties, and have certain mechanical properties.

Structural features: The shell is an integral structure, with 3 or 6 disconnected single cells separated by partition walls inside the shell. There are protruding ribs at the bottom to support the polar plate group. The space between the ribs is used to store the fallen active substances to prevent short circuits between the plates. After the plates are installed in the shell, the upper part is sealed with a battery cover made of the same material as the shell. There is a dispensing hole on the top of each cell corresponding to the battery cover, which is used to add electrolyte and distilled water. It can also be used to check the electrolyte liquid level height and measure the relative density of the electrolyte.

4. Electrolyte

Function: The electrolyte plays a conductive role between ions and participates in chemical reactions during the conversion process of electrical and chemical energy, namely the electrochemical reactions of charging and discharging.

Composition: It is prepared by mixing pure sulfuric acid and distilled water in a certain proportion, and its density is generally 1.24-1.30g/ml.

Special attention: The purity of electrolyte is an important factor affecting the performance and service life of batteries.

5. Serial connection method of individual batteries

Batteries are generally composed of 3 or 6 individual batteries connected in series, with a rated voltage of 6V or 12V, respectively.

Series connection method: There are generally three types of series connection methods for single cell batteries: traditional exposed, through wall, and spanning.

This connection method has a simple process, but it consumes a lot of lead and has a high connection resistance, resulting in a large voltage drop and power loss during startup, and is prone to short circuits.

Wall through connection method: It is to drill holes on the wall between adjacent individual batteries for the connecting strip to pass through, and weld the electrode plates and columns of the two individual batteries together.

Spanning connection method: There is a gap on the wall between adjacent individual batteries, and the connecting strip crosses the gap to connect the pole groups of the two individual batteries. All connecting strips are arranged under the overall cover.

Compared with traditional exposed lead connection methods, through wall and cross over connection methods have advantages such as short connection distance, material saving, low resistance, and good starting performance.

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