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The size and model of different electric vehicle batteries vary. The electric vehicles with lead-acid batteries on the market can be replaced by modular lithium batteries from Amphito: 60V size 315X20 (17) X9.5 (CM

48V size 18 * 15 * 15 (cm) 31 * 15 * 9.5CM

36V size 250 * 150 * 95

Hello! The size and model of different electric vehicle batteries also vary; In general, it is like this: 60V size 315X20 (17) X9.5 (CM); 48V size 18 * 15 * 15 (cm) 31 * 15 * 9.5CM; 36V size 250 * 150 * 95; I hope it can help you!

Fuel cells are specifically designed for fuel cell electric vehicles, including alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC).

There are slight differences depending on the type of electric vehicle. In pure electric vehicles equipped only with batteries, the role of the battery is the only power source for the vehicle's driving system. In hybrid vehicles equipped with traditional engines (or fuel cells) and batteries, batteries can play the role of both the main power source of the vehicle's drive system and the auxiliary power source. It can be seen that at low speeds and start-up, the battery plays the role of the main power source of the car's drive system; Acting as an auxiliary power source during full load acceleration; It plays a role in storing energy during normal driving, deceleration, and braking.

Fuel cells are made up of fuel undergoing anodic oxidation and oxidants undergoing cathodic reduction. If gaseous fuel (hydrogen) is continuously supplied on the anode (i.e. the negative electrode of the external circuit, also known as the fuel electrode), and oxygen (or air) is continuously supplied on the cathode (i.e. the positive electrode of the external circuit, also known as the air electrode), electrochemical reactions can occur continuously on the electrode and generate current. From this, it can be seen that fuel cells are different from conventional electricity

Pools are different in that their fuel and oxidants are not stored inside the battery, but in storage tanks outside the battery. When it works (outputting current and doing work), it needs to continuously feed fuel and oxidants into the battery and simultaneously discharge reaction products. Therefore, from a working perspective, it is similar to a conventional gasoline or diesel generator. Due to the continuous feeding of fuel and oxidants into the fuel cell during operation, the fuel and oxidants used in the fuel cell are both fluids (gas or liquid). The most commonly used fuels are pure hydrogen, various hydrogen rich gases (such as reforming gas), and certain liquids (such as methanol aqueous solution). The commonly used oxidants are pure oxygen, purified air, and certain liquids (such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid aqueous solutions).

The function of the fuel cell anode is to provide a common interface between the fuel and electrolyte, and to catalyze the oxidation of the fuel. At the same time, it transfers the electrons generated in the reaction to the external circuit or first to the collector plate and then to the external circuit. The function of the cathode (oxygen electrode) is to provide a common interface between oxygen and electrolyte, catalyze the reduction of oxygen, and transfer electrons from the external circuit to the reaction site of the oxygen electrode. Due to the fact that most of the reactions occurring on the electrode are multiphase interface reactions, in order to improve the reaction rate, the electrode is generally made of porous materials and coated with electrocatalysts.

The function of electrolytes is to transport the ions generated by the fuel electrode and oxygen electrode in the electrode reaction, and to prevent electrode to electrode straightness

Transfer electrons.

The function of a diaphragm is to conduct ions, prevent direct electron transfer between electrodes, and separate oxidants and reducing agents. Therefore, the diaphragm

It must be a substance that is resistant to electrolyte corrosion and insulation, and has good wetting resistance.

Battery pack

The electric vehicle battery pack is composed of multiple batteries stacked in series. A typical battery pack has approximately 96 batteries, and when charged to a 4.2V lithium-ion battery, such a battery pack can generate a total voltage of over 400V. Although the automotive power system considers the battery pack as a single high-voltage battery, charging and discharging the entire battery pack each time, the battery control system must independently consider the condition of each battery. If one battery in the battery pack has a slightly lower capacity than the other batteries, its charging state will gradually deviate from the other batteries after multiple charging/discharging cycles. If the charging state of this battery is not periodically balanced with other batteries, it will eventually enter a deep discharge state, leading to damage and ultimately resulting in battery pack failure. To prevent this from happening, the voltage of each battery must be monitored to determine its charging status. In addition, there must be a device to charge or discharge the batteries separately to balance the charging state of these batteries.

An important consideration for the battery pack monitoring system is the communication interface. In terms of communication within PC boards, commonly used options include Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus and I2C bus, each with low communication overhead and suitable for low interference environments. Another option is the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, which is widely used in automotive applications. The CAN bus is excellent with error detection and fault tolerance characteristics, but it has high communication overhead and material costs. Although the connection from the battery system to the main CAN bus of the car is worthwhile, using SPI or I2C communication within the battery pack has advantages.

There are various types of chemical batteries with varying performance. The commonly used indicators to characterize its performance include electrical performance, mechanical performance, storage performance, and sometimes even usage performance and economic cost. We mainly introduce its electrical and storage performance. Electrical performance includes: electromotive force, rated voltage, open circuit voltage, working voltage, termination voltage, charging voltage, internal resistance, capacity, specific energy and specific power, storage performance and self discharge, lifespan, etc. The storage performance mainly depends on the size of the battery's self discharge.

electromotive force

The electromotive force of a battery, also known as the standard voltage or theoretical voltage of the battery, is the potential difference between the positive and negative poles when the battery is disconnected.

Rated voltage

Rated voltage (or nominal voltage) refers to the recognized standard voltage during the operation of the electrochemical system's battery.

Open circuit voltage

The open circuit voltage of a battery is the battery voltage under no-load conditions. The open circuit voltage is not equal to the electromotive force of the battery. It must be pointed out that the electromotive force of a battery is calculated from thermodynamic functions, while the open circuit voltage of a battery is actually measured.

working voltage 

It refers to the actual discharge voltage of a battery under a certain load, usually referring to a voltage range.

Termination voltage

It refers to the voltage value at the end of discharge, which varies depending on the load and usage requirements.

Charging voltage

It refers to the voltage at which the DC voltage of the external circuit charges the battery. The general charging voltage should be greater than the open circuit voltage of the battery, usually within a certain range

internal resistance

The internal resistance of a battery includes the resistance of the positive and negative plates, the resistance of the electrolyte, the resistance of the separator, and the resistance of the connecting body.

Positive and negative electrode resistance

The commonly used positive and negative plates of lead-acid batteries are coated with paste, consisting of a lead antimony alloy or lead calcium alloy grid frame and active substances. Therefore, the plate resistance is also composed of grid resistance and active material resistance. The grid is located in the inner layer of the active material and does not undergo chemical changes during charging and discharging, so its resistance is the inherent resistance of the grid. The resistance of active substances varies with the different charging and discharging states of the battery.

When the battery is discharged, the active substance in the electrode plate changes to lead sulfate (PbSO4), and the higher the lead sulfate content, the greater its resistance. When the battery is charged, lead sulfate is reduced to lead (Pb), and the lower the lead sulfate content, the lower its resistance.

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