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The difference between lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion batteries. Lithium batteries, lithium metal batteries, and lithium-ion batteries are the three most commonly heard types of batteries. Both metal lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries are a type of lithium battery, so what is the difference between metal lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries? In the following text, the editor will explain in detail the differences between the two.

The difference between lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion batteries

Lithium ion battery: It is a type of secondary battery (rechargeable battery) that mainly relies on the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes to work. During the charging and discharging process, Li+is intercalated and deintercaled back and forth between the two electrodes: during charging, Li+is deintercaled from the positive electrode, embedded into the negative electrode through the electrolyte, and the negative electrode is in a lithium rich state; When discharging, the opposite is true.

Working principle of lithium-ion batteries

Lithium ion batteries use carbon materials as the negative electrode and compounds containing lithium as the positive electrode. There is no metallic lithium present, only lithium ions, which is what lithium-ion batteries are. Lithium ion batteries refer to batteries that use lithium ion intercalation compounds as the positive electrode material. The charging and discharging process of lithium-ion batteries is the process of lithium ion insertion and extraction. In the process of lithium ion insertion and removal, there is also the insertion and removal of equivalent electrons with lithium ions (traditionally, the positive electrode is represented by insertion or removal, while the negative electrode is represented by insertion or removal). During the charging and discharging process, lithium ions are intercalated/deintercaled and intercalated/deintercaled back and forth between the positive and negative electrodes, commonly referred to as "rocking chair batteries".

Generally, the charging current of lithium batteries is set between 0.2C and 1C. The higher the current, the faster the charging, and at the same time, the greater the heat generated by the battery. Moreover, excessive current charging results in insufficient capacity, as the electrochemical reactions inside the battery require time. Just like pouring beer, pouring too fast will produce foam, but dissatisfaction.

Working principle of lithium metal batteries

The principle of lithium metal batteries is the same as that of ordinary dry batteries. It uses lithium metal as the electrode and generates electricity through the corrosion or oxidation of lithium metal. It is discarded after use and cannot be charged.

Lithium metal battery technology is an engineering breakthrough that will greatly improve battery performance, enhance battery endurance, significantly improve the economic benefits of power storage, promote the upgrading and transformation of consumer electronic products, and have significant implications for human life.

Lithium metal batteries refer to batteries that use metallic lithium as the negative electrode, and the positive electrode materials used in conjunction with them can be oxygen, elemental sulfur, metal oxides, and other substances. Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are one of the most promising next-generation high-energy density storage devices that can meet the strict requirements of emerging industries. However, direct application of metallic lithium may bring safety issues, poor rate and cycling performance, and even the crushing of negative electrode materials inside the battery.

The difference between metal lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries is that metal lithium batteries are disposable batteries, while lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable cycle batteries! The principle of metal lithium batteries is the same as that of ordinary dry batteries. It uses metal lithium as the electrode and generates electricity through the corrosion or oxidation of metal lithium. It is discarded after use and cannot be charged; Lithium ion batteries generally use lithium cobalt oxide as the positive electrode and carbon as the negative electrode, with electrolyte filled in the middle to form ion free channels. A separator is used to separate the positive and negative electrodes to prevent short circuits.

Lithium metal has very active properties and strong reducibility. Its density during the deposition process is very important. This substance can effectively reduce the contact area between lithium metal and electrolyte, while also avoiding the occurrence of some side effects, thereby promoting the growth of cycle life.

The theoretical specific capacity of metallic lithium is 3860mAh/g, and it itself has excellent conductivity, making it an ideal negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, metallic lithium negative electrodes face problems such as metallic lithium dendrites and dead lithium during use, which not only seriously affect the cycling performance of metallic lithium batteries, but also cause serious safety hazards.

The above is a summary of the differences between lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion batteries. Forming a more uniform and stable SEI film on the surface of metallic lithium is beneficial for improving the cycling performance of metallic lithium batteries. To improve the cycle life of lithium batteries, it is not only necessary to improve the high concentration of ether solvents in the electrolyte; We also need to improve some of the deposition characteristics of metallic lithium itself.

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