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Lithium metal batteries are "close relatives" of rechargeable lithium batteries, which are widely used in portable electronic products and electric vehicles. As the next generation of energy storage devices, lithium metal batteries have great prospects.

Now, a new study by researchers at Stanford University in the United States points out a way forward for making better and safer lithium metal batteries. The relevant research was recently published in the Journal of Electrochemical Society.

Longer life lithium battery

Compared with lithium batteries, lithium metal batteries can store more energy, charge faster, and weigh less.

But so far, the commercial use of rechargeable lithium metal batteries is limited.

One important reason is the formation of "dendrites" - thin, metal like dendrites that grow with the accumulation of lithium metal on the electrode inside the battery. These dendrites will reduce battery performance and eventually lead to failure, and in some cases, even fire.

Researchers at Stanford University solved the problem of dendrites from a theoretical perspective. They developed a mathematical model that combines the physical and chemical problems involved in the formation of dendrites.

This model provides an insight that the exchange of certain characteristics in a new electrolyte (the medium in which lithium ions move between two electrodes in the battery) can slow down or even completely prevent the growth of dendrites.

"Our goal is to serve the design of lithium metal batteries with longer life." Weiyu Li, the first author of the study and a doctoral student in energy engineering at Stanford University, said, "Our mathematical framework explains the key chemical and physical processes of lithium metal batteries."

"This study provides some specific details about the formation conditions of dendrites and potential ways to inhibit their growth," said Hamdi Tchelepi, a professor at Stanford University's School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences and co-author of the report.

Prevent dendrite formation

For a long time, researchers have been trying to understand the factors that lead to the formation of dendrites. However, laboratory work is labor-intensive, and it is difficult to interpret the research results. To this end, researchers have developed a mathematical representation of the internal electric field and lithium ion transport through electrolyte materials, as well as other related mechanisms.

In this way, with the research results in hand, the experimenter can focus on physically reasonable materials and building combinations. "It is hoped that other researchers can use our research to design equipment with correct performance, and reduce the range of repeated tests and experimental changes that they must carry out in the laboratory," Tchelepi said.

Specifically, the new electrolyte design strategy required by this study includes understanding the anisotropy of materials, which means that they exhibit different properties in different directions. Wood is a typical anisotropic material, and its texture has strong directivity. In many cases, you can see the lines of wood rather than its texture.

In the case of anisotropic electrolytes, these materials can fine tune the complex interaction between ion transport and interface chemistry to prevent the formation of dendrites. The researchers point out that some liquid crystals and gel show these desired properties.

Another method determined by this study focuses on the battery separator - a film that prevents contact and short circuit between the electrodes at both ends of the battery. They said that they could design a new type of separator with pore characteristics to enable lithium ions to pass back and forth in the electrolyte in an anisotropic manner.

Build a "digital avatar"

The team looks forward to seeing other researchers continue to study the "clues" they have given. The next steps include manufacturing equipment that relies on the new electrolyte formulation and battery architecture, and testing what might prove to be effective, scalable, and economical.

"In general, a lot of research needs to be done on the material design and experimental verification of complex battery systems," said Daniel Tartakovsky, a professor of energy engineering at Stanford University and co author of the study.

According to these latest research results, Tartakovsky and his colleagues are building a mature virtual representative of the lithium metal battery system (DABS) - known as the "digital avatar".

"This research is a key component of DABS, and our laboratory is developing a comprehensive 'digital avatar' or replica of lithium metal battery." Tartakovsky said, "With DABS, we will continue to improve the technical level of these promising energy storage equipment."

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