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It is calculated as follows: normal charging current=battery capacity ÷ 10

For example, there is a battery with a capacity of 1500mAh, and its normal charging current is 1500 ÷ 10=150mA. The normal full charging time is 12-14 hours.

Expansion materials:

storage battery

A Storage Battery is a device that directly converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It is a rechargeable battery designed to achieve recharging through reversible chemical reactions, usually referring to lead-acid batteries. It is a type of secondary battery. Its working principle: When charging, external electrical energy is used to regenerate internal active substances, storing electrical energy as chemical energy. When discharging, chemical energy is converted back into electrical energy for output, such as commonly used mobile phone batteries in daily life.

It uses a lead substrate grid (also known as a grid) filled with sponge shaped lead as the negative electrode, a lead substrate grid filled with lead dioxide as the positive electrode, and dilute sulfuric acid with a density of 1.26-1.33g/mlg/ml as the electrolyte. When the battery is discharged, the metal lead is the negative electrode, which undergoes an oxidation reaction to produce lead sulfate; Lead dioxide is the positive electrode that undergoes a reduction reaction to produce lead sulfate. When a battery is charged with direct current, the two poles generate elemental lead and lead dioxide, respectively. After removing the power source, it returns to its pre discharge state and forms a chemical battery.

Lead acid batteries can be repeatedly charged and discharged, and their individual voltage is 2V. A battery is a battery pack composed of one or more individual cells, abbreviated as a battery. The most common is 6V, and other types of batteries include 2V, 4V, 8V, and 24V. The battery used in cars (commonly known as a battery) is a 12V battery pack consisting of six lead-acid batteries connected in series.

For traditional dry load lead-acid batteries (such as automotive dry load batteries, motorcycle dry load batteries, etc.), distilled water should be added after a period of use to maintain a density of about 1.28g/ml of dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte; For maintenance free batteries, distilled water is no longer required until the end of their lifespan.

In the mid-1960s, American scientist Maas conducted extensive experimental research on the charging process of open end batteries and proposed an acceptable charging curve for batteries based on the minimum gas output rate, as shown in Figure 1. Experiments have shown that if the charging current changes according to this curve, the charging time can be greatly reduced, and it has no effect on the capacity and lifespan of the battery. In principle, this curve is called the optimal charging curve.

After the battery is discharged, direct current is used to pass through the battery in the opposite direction of the discharge current, restoring its working ability. This process is called battery charging. When charging a battery, the positive pole of the battery is connected to the positive pole of the power supply, and the negative pole of the battery is connected to the negative pole of the power supply. The voltage of the charging power supply must be higher than the total electromotive force of the battery. There are two charging methods: constant current charging and constant voltage charging.

Principle of Battery Charger

There is a large amount of sulfuric acid and other electrically ionizable solutions in the battery. When the power is plugged in, the current flows through the lead plate inside (some batteries are not lead) to ionize the solution, thus converting electrical energy into chemical energy; If used, the solution will be converted into electrical energy and transported out through the electrode. This is a theoretical description. In fact, the real situation is very complex and can be referred to in relevant professional books.

Charging method system

The conventional charging system was designed based on internationally recognized empirical rules prior to 1940. The most famous one is the "ampere hour rule": the charging current in amperes should not exceed the ampere hour of the battery waiting to be charged. In fact, the speed of conventional charging is limited by the temperature rise and gas generation of the battery during the charging process. This phenomenon is of great significance for the shortest time required for battery charging.

Constant current charging method

The constant current charging method is a charging method that adjusts the output voltage of the charging device or changes the series resistance with the battery to maintain a constant charging current intensity. The control method is simple, but because the acceptable current capacity of the battery gradually decreases with the charging process, in the later stage of charging, the charging current is mostly used to electrolyze water, produce gas, and cause excessive gas output. Therefore, the stage charging method is often used.

Constant voltage charging method

The voltage of the charging power supply remains constant throughout the entire charging time, and as the battery terminal voltage gradually increases, the current gradually decreases. Compared with the constant current charging method, its charging process is closer to the optimal charging curve. Using a constant voltage for fast charging, due to the low electromotive force of the battery in the early stage of charging and the large charging current, the current will gradually decrease as charging progresses. Therefore, a simple control system is only needed.

This charging method electrolyzes very little water, avoiding overcharging of the battery. However, excessive current during the early stages of charging can have a significant impact on the battery's lifespan and can easily cause the battery plates to bend, resulting in battery failure. Given this drawback, constant voltage charging is rarely used and is only used when the charging power supply voltage is low and the current is high. For example, during the operation of a car, the battery is charged using a constant voltage charging method.

Stage charging method

This method includes two-stage charging method and three-stage charging method

① The two-stage method adopts a fast charging method that combines constant current and constant voltage. Firstly, charge at a constant current to a predetermined voltage value, and then change to constant voltage to complete the remaining charging. The conversion voltage between two stages is usually the constant voltage of the second stage.

② The three-stage charging method uses constant current charging at the beginning and end of charging, and constant voltage charging in the middle. When the current decays to a predetermined value, it transitions from the second stage to the third stage. This method can minimize the gas output, but its use as a fast charging method is subject to certain limitations.

Fast charging method

① Pulse charging method not only follows the inherent charging acceptance rate of batteries, but also improves the charging acceptance rate of batteries, thereby breaking the limitations of the exponential charging acceptance curve of batteries. This is also a new development in battery charging theory. The pulse charging method first charges the battery with a pulse current, then stops charging for a period of time, and cycles like this, as shown in Figure 5. The charging pulse causes the battery to be fully charged, while the intermittent period allows the oxygen and hydrogen produced by the chemical reaction of the battery to recombine and be absorbed, naturally eliminating concentration polarization and Ohmic polarization, thereby reducing the internal pressure of the battery, making the next round of constant current charging more smooth, and allowing the battery to absorb more electricity. Intermittent pulses allow the battery to have sufficient reaction time, reduce gas evolution, and improve the charging current acceptance rate of the battery.

② The 2REFLEXTM fast charging method is a patented technology in the United States, mainly aimed at charging nickel cadmium batteries. Due to its adoption of a new charging method that solves the memory effect of nickel cadmium batteries, it greatly reduces the fast charging time of the battery. The charging method and detection method for charging status of lead-acid batteries are very different from nickel cadmium batteries, but they can borrow from each other. One working cycle of REFLEXTM charging method includes three stages: forward charging pulse, reverse instantaneous discharge pulse, and stop charging maintenance.

③ The variable current intermittent charging method is based on constant current charging and pulse charging, as shown in Figure 7. Its characteristic is to change the constant current charging section to a voltage limiting and current changing intermittent charging section. In the early stages of charging, the method of intermittent charging with variable current is adopted to ensure that the charging current is increased and the vast majority of charging capacity is obtained. In the later stage of charging, a constant voltage charging stage is used to obtain overcharge and restore the battery to a fully charged state. By intermittently stopping charging, the oxygen and hydrogen produced by the chemical reaction in the battery are recombined and absorbed for a period of time, naturally eliminating concentration polarization and Ohmic polarization, thereby reducing the internal pressure of the battery and making the next round of constant current charging more smooth, allowing the battery to absorb more electricity.

④ On the basis of the variable current intermittent charging method, some people have proposed the variable voltage intermittent charging method, as shown in Figure 8. The difference from the intermittent charging method with variable current is that the first stage is not intermittent constant current, but intermittent constant voltage. At each constant voltage charging stage, due to constant voltage charging, the charging current naturally decreases exponentially, consistent with the characteristic that the acceptable rate of battery current gradually decreases as charging progresses.

⑤ The intermittent positive and negative zero pulse fast charging method with variable voltage and current, combined with the advantages of pulse charging method, ReflexTM fast charging method, variable current intermittent charging method, and variable voltage intermittent charging method, has been developed and applied. There are generally two types of control for pulse charging circuit:

1) The amplitude of pulse current is variable

2) The amplitude of the pulse current remains fixed and unchanged

The amplitude of the pulse current and the frequency of the PWM signal are fixed, and the PWM duty cycle is adjustable. On this basis, an intermittent stop charging stage is added, which can charge more electricity in a shorter time and improve the charging acceptance ability of the battery.

Lead acid batteries are a widely used chemical power source in the world. This product has advantages such as good reversibility, stable voltage characteristics, long service life, wide applicability, abundant (and renewable) raw materials, and low cost. Mainly used in various sectors of the national economy such as transportation, communication, electricity, railways, mines, ports, etc., it is an indispensable product in social production and business activities, with broad development prospects.

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