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If the battery capacity is 1Ah, 1C is 1A current, 3C is 3A current, and 10C is 10A current. If the capacity is different, multiply the multiplier!

The 3C discharge of ordinary lithium cobalt oxide batteries is already a bit too high. Only iron lithium batteries can discharge at 10C, so the price of discharging at 10C will be much higher, and the energy density will definitely be lower!

Lithium batteries are:

Lithium battery is a type of primary battery that uses lithium metal or lithium alloy as the negative electrode material and non-aqueous electrolyte solution. It is different from rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion batteries and lithium-ion polymer batteries.

The inventor of lithium batteries was Edison. Due to the highly reactive chemical properties of lithium metal, the processing, storage, and use of lithium metal have very high environmental requirements.

So, lithium batteries have not been applied for a long time. With the development of microelectronics technology at the end of the 20th century, the number of miniaturized devices is increasing, which has put forward high requirements for power supplies.

Lithium batteries have entered a large-scale practical stage.

The difference between lithium batteries and regular batteries

Lithium batteries are a type of battery that uses lithium metal or lithium alloy as the negative electrode material and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions.

The earliest lithium batteries emerged from the great inventor Edison. Due to the highly reactive chemical properties of lithium metal, the processing, storage, and use of lithium metal have very high environmental requirements. More environmentally friendly and convenient than regular batteries.

Basic knowledge of lithium-ion batteries portable electronic products use batteries as power sources. With the rapid development of portable products, the usage of various batteries has increased significantly, and many new types of batteries have been developed. In addition to the well-known high-performance alkaline batteries, rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries, and nickel hydrogen batteries, there are also lithium batteries developed in recent years. This mainly introduces the basic knowledge about lithium batteries. This includes its characteristics, main parameters, significance of the model, application scope, and usage precautions. Lithium is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Li (its English name is lithium). It is a silver white, very soft, and chemically active metal, and is the lightest among metals. In addition to being used in the atomic energy industry, it can also manufacture special alloys, special glass (fluorescent screen glass used in televisions), and lithium batteries. It is used as the anode in lithium batteries.

Lithium batteries are also divided into two categories: non rechargeable and rechargeable.

Non rechargeable batteries are called disposable batteries, which can only convert chemical energy into electrical energy in one go and cannot reduce electrical energy back to chemical energy (or have extremely poor reduction performance).

Rechargeable batteries are called secondary batteries (also known as batteries). It can convert electrical energy into chemical energy for storage, and then convert chemical energy into electrical energy during use. It is reversible.

The biggest characteristic of lithium batteries is their high specific energy.

What is specific energy? Specific energy refers to the energy per unit weight or unit volume. Specific energy is expressed in Wh/kg or Wh/L. Wh is the unit of energy, W is the watt, and h is the hour; Kg is the kilogram (unit of weight), and L is the liter (unit of volume).

Here is an example to illustrate: the rated voltage of the 5th nickel cadmium battery is 1.2V, its capacity is 800mAh, and its energy is 0.96Wh (12V x 08Ah). The rated voltage of the 5th lithium manganese dioxide battery of the same size is 3V, its capacity is 1200mAh, and its energy is 3.6Wh. If the volume of these two batteries is the same, then the specific energy of lithium manganese dioxide batteries is 3.75 times that of nickel cadmium batteries! A No. 5 nickel cadmium battery weighs approximately 23g, while a No. 5 lithium manganese dioxide battery weighs approximately 18g. One lithium manganese dioxide battery is 3V, while two nickel cadmium batteries are only 2.4V. So when using lithium batteries, the number of batteries is small (reducing the volume and weight of portable electronic products), and the working life of the batteries is long.

In addition, lithium batteries have advantages such as stable discharge voltage, wide operating temperature range, low self discharge rate, long storage life, no memory effect, and no environmental pollution. The disadvantage of lithium batteries is that they are expensive, so they cannot be widely used at present. They are mainly used in handheld computers, PDAs, communication equipment, cameras, satellites, specialty, specialty, instruments, etc. With the development of technology, improvement of processes, and increase in production volume, the price of lithium batteries will continue to decline, and their applications will become more common. There are various types of non rechargeable lithium batteries, including lithium manganese dioxide batteries, lithium sulfite chloride batteries, and lithium and other compound batteries. This article only introduces the most commonly used.

Lithium manganese dioxide battery (LiMnO2) is a disposable battery that uses lithium as the anode, manganese dioxide as the cathode, and organic electrolyte. The main feature of this battery is its high voltage, with a rated voltage of 3V (twice that of typical alkaline batteries); Terminate the discharge voltage to 2V; Greater than energy (as shown in the example above); Stable and reliable discharge voltage; Has good storage performance (storage time of more than 3 years) and low self discharge rate (annual self discharge rate ≤ 2%); The working temperature range is -20 ℃ to+60 ℃.

This battery can be made into different shapes to meet different requirements, and it has rectangular, cylindrical, and button shapes (button type). Cylindrical shapes also have different diameters and height dimensions. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are currently the most widely used batteries in mobile phones, but they are relatively delicate and should not be overcharged or discharged during use (as they may damage or render the battery unusable). Therefore, there are protective components or circuits on the battery to prevent expensive battery damage. The charging requirements for lithium-ion batteries are very high, and it is necessary to ensure that the termination voltage accuracy is within 1%. Currently, major semiconductor device manufacturers have developed various ICs for lithium-ion battery charging to ensure safe, reliable, and fast charging. Nowadays, mobile phones are very common, some of which use nickel hydrogen batteries, but the more agile phones use lithium-ion batteries. Proper use of lithium-ion batteries is crucial for extending battery life. Lithium ion batteries are currently the most widely used lithium-ion batteries, which can be made into flat rectangular, cylindrical, rectangular, and button shaped according to the requirements of different electronic products, and have a battery pack composed of several batteries connected in series.

The rated voltage of lithium-ion batteries is 3.6V (some products have a voltage of 3.7V). The termination charging voltage when fully charged is related to the anode material of the battery: the anode material is 4.2V of graphite; The anode material is 4.1V of coke. The internal resistance of different anode materials also varies, and the internal resistance of coke anodes is slightly higher, and their discharge curves also differ slightly. Generally referred to as 4.1V lithium-ion battery and 4.2V lithium-ion battery. Most of the batteries currently used are 4.2V, and the termination discharge voltage for lithium-ion batteries is between 2.5V and 2.75V (the battery factory may provide a working voltage range or termination discharge voltage, with slightly different parameters). Continuing to discharge below the termination voltage is called overdischarge, which can cause damage to the battery. Lithium ion batteries are not suitable for high current discharge, as excessive current discharge can reduce discharge time (resulting in higher internal temperatures and energy loss). Therefore, the battery production factory provides the maximum discharge current, which should be less than the maximum discharge current during use. Lithium ion batteries have certain temperature requirements, and the factory provides charging temperature range, discharge temperature range, and storage temperature range.

Lithium ion batteries have high requirements for charging, as they require precise charging circuits to ensure safe charging. The tolerance for terminating charging voltage accuracy is ± 1% of the rated value (for example, for a 4.2V lithium-ion battery, the tolerance is ± 0.042V). Overvoltage charging can cause permanent damage to the lithium-ion battery. The charging current of lithium-ion batteries should be based on the recommendations of the battery manufacturer and require a limited current circuit to avoid overcurrent (overheating). The commonly used charging rate is 0.25C to 1C (C is the capacity of the battery, such as C=800mAh, the 1C charging rate is the charging current of 800mA). When charging with high current, it is often necessary to detect the temperature of the battery to prevent overheating, damage to the battery, or explosion.

The charging of lithium-ion batteries can be divided into two stages: constant current charging first, and constant voltage charging when approaching the termination voltage. The charging characteristics are shown in Figure 2. This is an 800mAh capacity battery with a termination charging voltage of 4.2V. The battery is charged with a constant current of 800mA (charging rate of 1C). At the beginning, the battery voltage is increased with a large slope. When the battery voltage approaches 4.2V, it is changed to 4.2V constant voltage charging. The current gradually decreases, and the voltage change is not significant. When the charging current drops to 1/10C (about 80mA), it is considered to be close to full charge and can be terminated (some chargers start the timer after 1/10C and end charging after a certain period of time). If overcharging, discharging, or overcurrent occurs during the charging or discharging process of lithium-ion batteries, it can cause damage to the battery or reduce its service life.

Application precautions: In addition to being the same as non rechargeable lithium batteries mentioned above, the following points should also be noted in terms of charging: 1. Lithium ion batteries have different varieties that terminate charging at 4.1V and 4.2V, so it should be noted that 4.1V batteries cannot be charged with 4.2V chargers, otherwise there is a risk of overcharging (the charger IC used for 4.1V and 4.2V chargers is different!). When charging the battery, the ambient temperature should not exceed the temperature range listed in the product characteristics table. 3. Reverse charging is not allowed. 4. It is not possible to use a charger for nickel cadmium batteries (for three nickel cadmium batteries) to charge lithium-ion batteries (although the rated voltage is the same, they are all 3.6V), but different charging methods can easily cause overcharging.

In terms of discharge, the following points should be noted: 1. The discharge current of lithium-ion batteries should not exceed the maximum discharge current given in the product characteristic table. When the discharge current is high, it will generate a higher temperature (energy loss), reducing the discharge time. If there are no protective components in the battery, it will cause overheating and damage the battery. The discharge curve varies at different temperatures. It can be seen that the discharge voltage and discharge time vary at different temperatures. The worst situation occurs when discharging at -20 ℃.

In terms of storage: 1. If the battery is stored for a long time, it should be kept in a 50% discharge state. 2. Batteries should be stored in a low temperature, dry environment. 3. Keep away from heat sources and avoid direct sunlight. Figurative working principle analogy: Now let's compare the principle of lithium ion battery and charge discharge mechanism with the common foam phenomenon in life.

The lithium-ion battery is like a pile of soap foam, in which electric energy is stored. When charging, the bubbles will continuously increase with the charging time. When the limit value is exceeded, the bubbles will burst, which damages the lithium battery crystal form and causes permanent damage. When excessive discharge occurs, it can cause the bubbles to collapse and disappear, making it impossible for the bubbles to be charged again during the next charge, resulting in the failure of the lithium battery. How to control the non bursting and non excessive collapse of bubbles? It is necessary to use protective circuits for strict control. Of course, high-quality battery cells and precise control circuits can greatly extend the service life of batteries. The webmaster's favorite is lithium-ion batteries, which have small self discharge, large capacity, and superior performance.

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