-(2)Detailed explanation of lithium battery explosion

(2)Detailed explanation of lithium battery explosion
author:enerbyte source:本站 click365 Release date: 2023-11-02 09:10:16
abstract:
Protection measures: After overcharging the lithium-ion battery cell to a voltage higher than 4.2V, it will begin to have side effects. The higher the overcharging voltage, the higher the danger. After the voltage of a lithium battery cell exceeds 4.2V, less than half of the lithium atoms remain in...

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Protection measures: After overcharging the lithium-ion battery cell to a voltage higher than 4.2V, it will begin to have side effects. The higher the overcharging voltage, the higher the danger. After the voltage of a lithium battery cell exceeds 4.2V, less than half of the lithium atoms remain in the positive electrode material. At this time, the storage cell often collapses, causing a permanent decrease in battery capacity. If charging continues, as the storage cell of the negative electrode is already filled with lithium atoms, subsequent lithium metal will accumulate on the surface of the negative electrode material. These lithium atoms will grow dendritic crystals from the negative electrode surface towards the direction of lithium ions. These lithium metal crystals will pass through the diaphragm paper, causing a short circuit between the positive and negative poles. Sometimes, before a short circuit occurs, the battery explodes first. This is because during overcharging, materials such as electrolyte will crack and produce gas, causing the battery casing or pressure valve to swell and rupture, allowing oxygen to enter and react with lithium atoms accumulated on the negative electrode surface, leading to an explosion. Therefore, when charging lithium-ion batteries, it is necessary to set a voltage limit in order to simultaneously consider the battery's lifespan, capacity, and safety. The optimal charging voltage limit is 4.2V. When discharging lithium batteries, there should also be a lower voltage limit. When the voltage of the battery cell is below 2.4V, some materials will begin to be damaged. Also, due to the self discharge of the battery, the voltage will decrease as it is discharged for a long time. Therefore, it is best not to stop discharging at 2.4V. During the discharge period from 3.0V to 2.4V, lithium-ion batteries only release about 3% of the battery capacity. Therefore, 3.0V is an ideal discharge cutoff voltage. During charging and discharging, in addition to voltage limitation, current limitation is also necessary. When the current is too high, lithium ions cannot enter the storage cell in time and will gather on the surface of the material. After these lithium ions acquire electrons, lithium atom crystals will appear on the surface of the material, which is the same as overcharging and can cause danger. If the battery casing ruptures, it will explode. Therefore, the protection of lithium-ion batteries should at least include: the upper limit of charging voltage, the lower limit of discharge voltage, and the upper limit of current. In general, a lithium-ion battery pack, in addition to the lithium-ion battery cells, will have a protective plate, which is important for providing these three protections. However, these three protections of the protective board are obviously not enough, and global lithium-ion battery explosions are still frequent.

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