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1. Battery electromotive force, open circuit voltage, working voltage

When the battery is connected externally with a conductor, the electrochemical reaction of the positive and negative electrodes is spontaneous. If the conversion of electrical energy and Chemical energy in the battery reaches balance, the difference between the balance electrode potential of the positive electrode and the balance electrode potential of the negative electrode is the battery electromotive force, which is equal to the open circuit voltage when the stable value is reached. The product of electromotive force and unit electric quantity represents the maximum electrical work that can be done per unit electric quantity. But the meaning of battery electric heat and open circuit voltage is different: the electromotive force can be calculated through thermodynamics or measurement based on the reactions in the battery, and has a clear physical meaning. The latter is only numerically close to electromotive force, depending on the degree of reversibility of the battery.

The terminal voltage of a battery in an open circuit state is called the open circuit voltage. The open circuit voltage of a battery is equal to the difference between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential of the battery.

The working voltage of a battery refers to the terminal voltage at which the battery has current flowing through (closed circuit). The working voltage at the initial discharge of the battery is called the initial voltage. After the battery is connected to the load, the operating voltage of the battery is lower than the open circuit voltage due to the existence of ohmic resistance and polarization Overpotential.

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