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Recently, the new energy sector has been booming. Today, let's talk about the development and working principle of batteries and mobile phone batteries.

1、 Operating principle of battery

The devices that can directly convert chemical energy, light energy, heat energy, etc. into electrical energy are called batteries. They also include chemical cells, solar cells, nuclear cells, and so on. Generally speaking, batteries refer to chemical cells.

Practical chemical batteries are divided into primary batteries and storage batteries. The batteries we contact in daily life are basically batteries. The storage battery needs to be charged before use, and then can be discharged for use. When it is charged, it converts electrical energy into chemical energy. When it is discharged, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.

When the battery discharges, the current flows from the positive pole through the external circuit to the negative pole. In the electrolyte, positive and negative ions migrate to the two poles respectively. The current flows from the negative pole to the positive pole. When the battery discharges, chemical reactions occur at both electrodes. When the circuit is disconnected or the chemical reactants in it are exhausted, the discharge will stop.

Depending on the materials used inside the battery, there are rechargeable and non rechargeable batteries. Some chemical reactions are reversible and some are irreversible.

The storage and discharge capacity and speed of the battery are closely related to its materials.

2、 Development History of Mobile Phone Battery

Mobile phone battery can be basically divided into three stages: nickel cadmium battery → nickel hydrogen battery → lithium battery

From the names of these three stages, we can see that the main chemical elements used in batteries are changing, so there will be more technological innovation in batteries. Now we can even say that if there is no lithium battery, there will be no mobile intelligent life today.

In the early 1980s, the mobile phone was also called "Big Brother". From its name, we can see that it was very big. The main reason for its size was that its battery was very large. Later, the smaller the mobile phone, the more market share it could occupy.

In the 1990s, NiMH battery appeared, which was relatively smaller and more environmentally friendly. Motorola's star product StarTAC used NiMH battery, which was small enough to overturn people's understanding. The StarTAC328, the first flip phone in the world, was launched in 1996, and its body weight was only 87g.

In the early 1990s, lithium batteries were also introduced. In 1992, Sony's self-developed lithium batteries were used in its own products. However, because of the high price and no outstanding advantages in power, they were only used in its own products. Subsequently, with the technical innovation of lithium battery materials and the progress of manufacturing technology, the capacity and cost of lithium battery have been improved, and more and more manufacturers are gradually attracted to it. The lithium battery era is officially announced.

3、 Lithium Battery and Nobel Prize

Although the development of mobile phone upgrading is very fast, the development of mobile phone battery is relatively slow. According to the survey data, the capacity of the battery only increases by 10% every 10 years. It is almost impossible to significantly increase the capacity of mobile phone battery in the short term. Therefore, the mobile phone battery field also has unlimited possibilities and potential.

The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry will be awarded to Professor John Goodinaf, Professor Stanley Wittingham and Dr. Yoshino for their outstanding contributions in the field of lithium batteries. Professor John Goodinaf is the oldest Nobel laureate so far, and is still struggling in the front line of scientific research. In fact, before their awards, people predict whether lithium batteries will win every year, The progress of lithium batteries has had a great impact on and contributed to the society, and they deserve the award.

In the 1970s, the war in the Middle East led to the first oil crisis. People began to realize the importance of getting rid of dependence on oil and invested in new energy sources that could replace oil. The enthusiasm of countries in developing batteries was also unprecedented. Goodinav was deeply affected by the oil crisis and hoped to make contributions to energy substitution.

As an ancient element produced in the first few minutes of the Big Bang, lithium was first discovered by Swedish chemists in the early 19th century in the form of lithium ions. It is extremely active, but its weakness is reactivity, which is also its advantage.

When batteries using pure lithium as anode are charged, lithium dendrites will be formed. These lithium dendrites will short circuit the battery, causing fire and even explosion. However, researchers never give up their research on lithium batteries.

The three winners of the Nobel Prize: Stanley Wittingham developed a rechargeable lithium battery that can work at room temperature in the early 1970s. It is the first fully functional lithium battery. He used lithium to release the powerful driving force of its outer electronics;

Wittingham's battery can produce a voltage slightly more than 2 volts. In 1980, Goodinav found that the voltage generated by the battery using lithium cobalate as the material in the cathode can be increased by two times. He doubled the potential of the battery. The cathode material with high energy density is very light, but it can produce batteries with stronger performance. This development of more practical batteries created better conditions;

In 1985, Yoshino developed the first commercially available lithium-ion battery. He chose the lithium cobalate used by Goodinav as the cathode, and successfully replaced lithium alloy with carbon as the cathode of the battery. He developed a lithium battery with stable operation, light weight, and large capacity. This battery is safe to change, and the risk of spontaneous combustion is greatly reduced.

It is their research that has promoted lithium batteries into thousands of electronic products, enabling us to enjoy modern mobile life. Lithium batteries have created suitable conditions for a new wireless society without fossil fuels, which has greatly benefited mankind.

Technology never stops

In those days, the Big Brother charged for 10 hours and talked for 35 minutes. Today, our mobile phones are iterative. We will not be constrained by the charging problem for a long time as in the past, but technology will never stop. We are still exploring the road of greater capacity, smaller size and more lasting endurance.

Up to now, the dendrite problem of lithium battery still plagues researchers like a ghost. In the face of this major safety hazard, scientists from all over the world are still working hard. Nobel laureate Goodinav, at the age of 90, resolutely devoted himself to the research and development of solid-state batteries.

My friend, what do you think of new energy, what are your prospects for the future battery field, and what are your expectations for future mobile phones?

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